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A GRHELK GRAMMAR 
KOR BEGINNERS 


By Proressor ΝΥ. H.Wappet.. 


GIFT OF 
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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2007 with funding from 
Microsoft Corporation 


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| http://www. archive.org/details/greekgrammarforb0Owaddrich 


A GREEK GRAMMAR 


FOR BEGINNERS, 


By WILLIAM HENRY WADDELL, 


Li 
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. 


NEW YORK: 
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 
FRANKLIN SQUARE. 


1873. 


Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
HARPER & BROTHERS, 


‘In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of New York. 


“PREFACE. 


Tis book is an attempt to be precisely what its 
name imports—nothing more, and nothing less. It is 
a“Greek Grammar for Beginners.” The author has 
studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not 
absolutely essential. Such a book has been, for many 
years, a great desideratum—a book which shall contain 
no notes, remarks, observations, “fine print,” in short, to 
be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential 
and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to 
be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any ex- 
ception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be 
committed to memory, from cover to cover, the first 
time the pupil goes over it. It is not, therefore, a 
Grammar of reference—the world is full of such. It 
is a schoolboy’s book, and intended for a schoolboy’s © 
use.* Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting 
his wishes, and in giving expression to his many years’ 
experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to 
decide. 


796411. 


δῶ, i oP a τ ; ; Ὶ 
σε MRS τσ ae δ΄ νῶν 
τδοκύστος, Sek Gh RY 


ἢ ΞΕ: το δι ὦ ae ἐν, ᾿ A ΣΎ τινα, ΓΕ. δου προς ; 


wa a 


—" ry ἃ 
pt Mera ThE 
ὄξος ee ke iY 


<a 


τ 


ere ic 
Se re: 


ition ae re wT cS 
eres w he 8 9} See 
PaO ee a7 


He 


5 ee 
aie 

᾿ 3 ξ ͵ δ΄ 
Pir a * 


rey 
4 


£ pa Ὥ Nt 
φί. ae . ἜΗΝ 


CONTENTS, 


Ὧν ὁ τ ὩΣ ἡ ORTHOGRAPHY... SpE A Page 9 
The Greek Alphabet....0...5....i5st.0.03. Let Aspen She + ods va cbansVhesesonsatves 9 
Euphonic Changes ....... ns danbassecresenesesass vonacacasses degncidiy «pe via caras 11 
Accentse—Punctiation........c.sc01ccsscscaccsecaserscocedoaptestes Sih eun waz 15 
PART IT.—ETYMOLOGY.......02..scc0ceceenees 16 
Some general Rules: FE Πρ aN AT 5 16 
Ree INGORE Ss ox csdvssiscvndapincsUb Oe παρ εν moved ccs wanuseekkssasas 17 
Contracts of;the First Declensions............cersesescssssesscceererees 18 
Second Declension Nemes dauntend Kacwane nied ix ΘΝ ὁ, δήνεα eavksoieieskcsaceckere “19 
Contracts of the Second Declension.........:..sssssscsseeescceeseeees 20 
ΝΥ γον ἀπ icv apa c.ascuoucedtereeevae thoacenencss ts cndcucsosesockesate” 20 
Contracts of the Third Declension. ...........scccecsccssscccdsccccess 22 
TINT cy socal 4) 4 ci, odenaa seth samantcewssscceecds nodcepreneeetheenenerenies 27 
Numerals—Comparison of Adjectives .........sssccccsseeeceeeeecs were sivas 94 
Article—Pronouns .......... ἀρ et με Oe Sah PELE SBE PRL oy τὴ 36 
ON Ὡς ἈΞ ΘΙ ΒΞ ΘΝ ἀρ tawccsdecanngidoseniarssitigeranneninte 89 
Synoptical Table of the Verb τύπτω, 7 strike ........ 6 .ονοονονονο ον οοοονο 42 
ΝΡ ΟΝ ΝΣ νον oneness coatosunc si sacuncatsecchacasacane ss cananauss 48 
ον πὸ ὦ φῦ oS 60 sic gharbaradacecadsaddeduckeh? buctvascostactvensevenes 53 
Augment—Reduplication .........0scesccssssssccassecsessecsesceeseccsces 53 
πα WEIR νος 5 Zhi a skele Lens ctscesPetside Bcessedevsssdescadcacsedanoeete 54 
RUE TPES vances kisagavavsevates es πε δ ϑες ἐν ξ τς ἐμὰ Gok Xo a oiions ca λα Raa 54 
Secondary Root............ ehnsed inc αν νον ανς γυθδο δόμον να ὩΣ εν ἐλ ἐδ οδ αν 55 
Special Rules for Formation of the Tenses ..........cccscsessscesesscsescee 55 
ΡΣ ΝΟΥΣ sss co.adcdgpeciescduneeuncerinvccscerscadcndinay 59 
Examples of Pure Contract Verbs...........sseeseees δον ἐν εν κυ ει ετοθεν 60 
ΠΝ OF TEM os 2. cesccctanesecunsestecckeseescccas gua teasticekaketned 64 
PAARIG VOLS. siasscescnraccse'ssanse USENGHRNSNMRSLAMNES Cus cadteasbosesecasnc’ ses 68 
προς ὦ lary lego testi tee Uae} sad sdcaecepiecipyudsacesicvoncastcsccrcereesa: Το 


Synoptical ΤΆΡ]6.......νονννννννον δον ἐκ δ σον ὅδε νον εν υν ον μενι ἐν λον ο νον αὶ 72 


Vill _ CONTENTS. 


“Ladle Of Inflections...«.sccccicseavgar ccs ϑευνο λον» υνε νὸν οδνενυεον ἐρόν te ORE Ὁ ΤΣ 


Mxorcises in Formation. ἐς... cscsesscecsannacywavegespressstpeissvnessoodnsnis 77 
Tables of the Synopses and Inflections of certain Tnregular and 
ἐν το τῆς τὸ Ἦν Δ ΡΝ ΚΤ shpadeu SANE ΤΣ Ὁ 78 
ἐὸν τον WOLDS. .50scncs coseenssoncnestdeacsahe\ale ues igends ase eions ks santos? 84 
Synopsis of the Deponent Verb ον ἢ receives LES Ere Si 85 
Adverbs—Prepositions.......ssccesercereerscssaccecesesecsscveses errr 85 
PART ΠῚ. Ὁ NAR χονος δου οὐ οὐ ονεῦ ονὴ δὲν 86 
Syntax of the Cases......s.cscescsossssscesecceees ib esukitedauueanecenaupe ae Se 
Syntax of the Verb .....e..e00 thd δήνονε ον 4 9n batun de wae ouilawan leas tupsineuieess 96 
δεν —- PCONEG .. 55 0'40cc'n0dis bcos cocsestvonescarcoccneacdnness ode eng 


General Rules for Writing the Accents .......cscscccssssccsscevegevsseseee LOL © 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


PART IL—ORTHOGRAPHY. 
THE GREEK ALPHABET. - 


1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, 


Vlz.: 


Ppp 


Tr 


ca took Sy τ πτ' 


Name. Power. 
"A\ga Alpha A in Father. 
Bijra Beta B in Beet. 


Tappa Gamma _ G in Got. 
Δέλτα Delta D in Dot. 
᾿Ἔψιλόν Epsilon- E in Let. 


Ζῆτα ~=—s- Zeta Dz in Adze. 
"Hra Eta Ky in They. 
Onra Theta Thin Thin. 


I in Sin (if short); 

I in Machine (if long). 
Karma Kappa XK in King. 

Λάμβδα Lambda 1, in Lay. 

Mo Mu or My M in Mast. 

No Nuor Ny N in New. 


Ἰῶτα Tota ᾿ 


et Xi - Xin Box. 
Ὃμικρόν Omicron O in Rock. 
ii Pi - P in Peck. 


‘PS Rho .- Rin Run. 
Xiyya Sigma Sin Sad. 
Tav Tau T in Tin. 


ea rae ee ; Ὁ in Butcher (if short); ἢ 
ee ee Ew in Few (if long). 

Gi Phi Ph in Philosophy. 

Xe. ee Ch in Chasm. 

Wi Psi ‘Ps in Lips. 


‘Quéya Omega Ο in Bone. 


These iottous are divided into Vowels and Consonants, 


ὦ ὃ 


10 ‘GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


2, The Vowels are seven in number, viz. : 
ε and o, Short. 
n and w, Long. 
a, 1, and v, Doubtful. | 
The last three are so called because they are sometimes 
short. and sometimes long. 
3. A combination of two vowels is called a Diphtheng, 
These are twelve in number, viz. : 
Gl, El, Ob. 
av, εὖ, OV. © 
αι, Nl, We. 
“The last three are usually written with the ots subs 
scribed, thus: 
th ?- 
NU, WV. 
vl. : 


They are pronounced as follows, viz. : 


αι ᾿ς like α in aisle; 6. σ΄. αἴρω. 

ει οὶ height; e. g. εἰς. 

οι οὐ «coin; =e. g. τοῖν. 

av ou house; e.g. ναῦς. 

ev and nv eu in neuter ; 6, g. πλεύσω. 

ov 00 noon; e.g. νοῦν. 

νι we in pronoun we ; 6. g. μυῖα. 


The improper diphthongs, g, n, and ῳ, are pronounced 
precisely like a, ἡ; and w. | 

4. The Consonants are seventeen in number, viz., Vine 
Mutes, subdivided as follows: 


Smooth. Medial. Romi: 
' Palatals, kK Ύ x} Kappa-mutes. 
Linguals, r ὃ ΘῈ Tau-mutes. 
Labials, ΐπ é Pp φ ΡΥ ταυίθβ, 


One Sibilant letter, σ, so called from its hissing sound; 
Four Liquids, d, Ms y, and p, so called from axe flowing 
sound; and 


- 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 11° 


Three Double Consonants, ψ, ξ, ζ, so called because 
formed respectively by the composition of the Smooth, 
Medial, and Rough Mutes with the letter Sigma, thus: 

ζ for ὃσ᾽ 
| & for xo, yo, xo" 
Ψ for zo, Ba, go. 
δ. The Breathings are two in number, viz. : 
Smooth (’). 
Rough (). 
One of these must be written over every vowel or diph- 
thong which commences a word. The Smooth Breathing 
produces no change in the pronunciation ofa word. The 
Rough Breathing has the same effect as if the letter H 
were written before the first vowel-or diphthong ; thus: 
“Exaroy 
is pronounced ᾿ Hekaton ; 
εὑρεν 
Heuren. 


EUPHONIC CHANGES. 

6. The following rules of Euphony are to be carefully 
observed in the formation and derivation of Greek words, 
viz: 

Rute 1. A Labial or a Palatal occurring before a Lin- 


- gual is changed into its corr esponding Smooth, Medial, or 


Rough, acoonding as the Lingual 15 Smooth, Medial, or 

Rough. ‘E. g., | Unde 
οἴ τέτριβται is written τέτριπται. 

Rutz 2. A Labial before » is changed into μ. ἘΔ g., 

τέτριπμαι 18 Written τέτριμμαι. 

Rute 3. A Palatal before» is changed into γι E. g., 

Es τέτευχμαι is written rérevypar. 

Ruiz + A Lingual before μ is changed into σι E.g., — 


_ . wéreOpacis written πέπεισμαι. 


12 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


Route 5. A Labial before o unites with it and forms y. 
E. g., τρίβσω 15 written τρίψω. 

Rute 6. A Palatal before o unites with it and forms £. 
E. g., 

πλέκσω 15 Written πλέξω. 
Rue 7. A Lingual before σ is rejected. ἘΔ 8. 
πλάθσω 15 written πλάσω. 

Rue 8. A Lingual before another Lingual i is chanied 

intoo. E.g., 

: πέπλαθται 15 written πέπλασται. 

Rue 9. A Lingual before a Palatal is rejected. KE. g. > 

πέπειθκα 15. written πέπεικα. 

Rute 10. The letter o occurring between two Conso- 
nants is rejected. E.g., — : 

γεγράφσθαι is written φῶς Ἐπ 

Rute 11. The letter » before a Labial is changed into— 
pw Eg, 

ενβάλλω 15 written ἐμβάλλω. 

Rute 12. The letter ν before a Palatal is changed into 

Y: iE S+> 
συνκάλεω is written ἜΚ Έ ΘΒΙ 

Rute 18, The letter ν before another etme is ‘changed | 
into that same Liquid. E. g., 

συνρίπτω 18 written συῤῥίπτω. 

Rue 14. The letter ν before o or ζ is dropped. E.g., 

| δαίμονσι is written δαίμοσι. 

Rue 15. When ν and a Lingual are rejected before σ, 
the preceding short vowel is lengthened, and « becomes 
et; ὁ becomes ov; a, ἵ, » become respectively a, i, and ὕ, 
E. g., γέροντσι is written γέρουσι. 

Ruiz 16. A Smooth Mute ending a word is. changed 
into 18 corresponding Rough before an aspirated vowel 
beginning the next word. E. 8.» 

ἀπὸ 6v is first written ἀπ᾽ dv, and then ἀφ᾽ dv. 


| \\ af » 
& : v 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 13 


Rute 17. If two successive syllables begin with a Rough 
Mute, the first is changed into its own smooth. E. g., 
φεφίληκα 15 “wr itten πεφίληκα. 
Rutz 18. The letter p in the beginning of a word is 
doubled when a short vowel is prefixed ἴο 1. Eg, 
ἔρευκα 18 written ἔῤῥευκα. 


RoE 19.. Words ending 1 in ot, and verbs of the third ‘ 
person ending in ε or ᾧ annex ν to these terminations 
when the next word begins with a vowel, or before ὃ 
pause. Ε σ᾽, NM te: © 

ἐστί 18 written ἐ ἐστίν. 


7. The following words violate the preceding rules. 
Let the pupil correct them, repeating the rule by which 
the correction is nna: : 


ἔλιπε Ov ᾿ ἐϑην ὃ ὦϑμαι > ᾿ λείπσωλ λήβσω" 
a, c , , ie 3 

φασι ἐκ- φέφακα συνπλέκω συνγονος ἐπράγϑην 
ἔλεγε οὕς ϑέϑεικα-.- ἐνβαίω ἐνχέω ἐνβάλλω 
εἶπε ἄγσει \ συνφέρω ovview TUNTOVTGL 

7 

παισί 4» = TAEKow . ~— ἔνψυχος ἐνλείπω τυπϑέντσι 
“, , ef ; 3 7 , 7 

εἰσί ἅφσαι \ ἐνκλίνω συνμένω πένϑσομαι 
γόσφι πείϑσω . χέχρημαι συνρέω λέοντσι 

» “ὦ of : e t+ / ef 4 
τυπϑῶ ἄνυτσον . ἔχεις σύνληψις ὕσταντσι 
ϑάφτω ᾿λέλειπμαι " ἔρευκα τετύπσϑαι" κρύβτω 


8, A vowel preceded by another vowel, with which it 
does not unite and form a diphthong, is said to be pure. 
A pure vowel often combines with the one immediately 
preceding it, and forms one long syllable. This is called 
contraction, and commonly takes place according to the 
following rules, viz. : 
aa are contracted into a, as μνάα ayn are contracted into ἄ, as τιμάητε 


. μνᾶ. τιμᾶτε. 
aq — ᾳ,88 μνάᾳ μνᾷ.᾿ ay — ᾳ, ἃ8 τιμάῃς τιμᾷς. 
ααι --- at, as μνάαι μναῖ. αἱ --- q, as ἀΐσσω ᾷσσω. 
ae — G,as τίμαε τίμᾶ. ao — - ὡ, AS τιμάομεν τιμῶμεν. 


ἀεὶ --- ςι,) ἃΒ τιμάει τιμᾷ. aot — ῳ, AS τιμάοιμεν τιμῷμεν. 
eee: 


14 GREEK GRAMMAR 


aov are contracted into w, as τι- 
μάουσι τιμῶσι. 

aw — ὦ, as τιμάω τιμῶ. 

éa ---ἢ, as yéa γῆ. Sometimes 
into a, as χρύσεα χρυσᾶ, ὑγιξαΐ 
ὑγιᾶ. 


EL — Y, AS χρυσέᾳ χρυσῇ. 


fat — ἢ OF al, as τύπτεαι TUTTLY, 
χρύσεαι χρύςαϊ. 
& --- εἰ, as φίλεε φίλει. Some- 


times into ἡ, as τριήρεε τριήρη. 
fel — εἰ, AS φιλέεις φιλεῖς. 
én --- ἡ, as φιλέητε φιλῆτε. 
εΏ --- ῃ, as φιλέξῃς φιλῇς. 


εἰ — ει, as πόλεϊ πόλει. 

€0 —ouv, as φιλέομεν φιλοῦμεν. 
, ~ 

£0 — οἱ, aS φιλέοιμεν φιλοῖμεν. 


εου — Ov, as φιλέουσι φιλοῦσι. 
ἕω —W, as φιλέω φιλῶ. 

née --- ἢ, as τιμήεσσα τιμῆσσα. 
NEL --- ῃ, AS τιμήεις τιμῇς. 


nL — ῃ, as Θρήϊσσα Θρῇσσα. 
t€ —t,as πόλιες πόλις. 
“uo — Ἢ as πόλιι πόλι. 


‘The following words violate the preceding rules. 


FOR BEGINNERS. 


oa are contracted into w or 4G, as 
ἠχόα ἠχώ, ἁπλόα ἁπλᾶ. : 

oate— αἱ, as διπλόαι διπλαῖ. 

o€ — ov, as δηλόετε δηλοῦτε. 

oft — ov, as δηλόειν δελοῦν. Verbs 
in ow contract the endings o« and 
ose into ot and orc, as δηλόει 
δηλοῖ, δηλόεις δηλοῖς. 

on --- w,as δηλόητε δηλῶτε. Some- 
times into η, as διπλόη διπλῆ. 

0y --- οἱ, as δηλόῃς δηλοῖς. This 
contraction. occurs only in verbs 
in ow. Verbs in wu contract oy 
into w. 

οἱ — ol, as ἠχόϊ ἠχοῖ. 

00 — ουὅ, 88 δηλόομεν δηλοῦμεν. 

oot --- οἱ, as δηλόοιμεν δηλοῖμεν. 

oov — ov, as δηλόουσι δηλοῦσι. 

ow — w, as δηλόω δηλῶ. 

op — ῳ, as TOW πλῷ. 

υε — V, as ἰχϑύες ἰχϑῦς. 

vi — vl, as πληϑύϊ πληϑυῖ. 

wi — w, as λωΐων λῴων. 


Let 


the pupil correct them, referring in each instance to the 
concurring vowels in the list above by which the correc- 


tion is made: 


Δημοσϑένεες Δημοςϑένεε 
Δημοσϑένεος ἔαρ 

χρέεα Δημοσϑένεὶϊ 
φιλέω φιλέεις 
Δημοσϑενέοιν δηλόοι 
τιμάομεν τιμάω 
τιμάουσι τιμάει 
Képat κέρας =aroc 
βότρυες τιϑήαι 
κεράοιν μέρεος 
μερέοιν μέρεα 
πόλεες φειδόος 


Λητόος μελιτόεν 
Δημοσϑένα δΔΛητόα 
Anrot Ἡρακλέης 
δηλόω δηλόητε ᾿ 
δηλόου δηλόῃ 
λάας τίμαε 
Tyan τιμάεις 
ὄφιες ὄφιι 
τιμήεν κέραα 
μέρει μέρεε 
μερέων ᾿ πόλει 
φειδόϊ φειδόα 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 


κέρατος κεράτοιν φιλέῃ φιλέοι 

" Képare ᾿ κέρατα τιμάῃ ᾿ τιμάοι 

κέρατε κεράτων δηλόῃ δηλόοι 

" peer 10. Ὁ ἡϑέε ᾿ σάος σύας᾽ 
ACCENTS. 


9. The accents are three: 
The acute (’); as, ζωή, life. ° 
~The grave (*); as, καὶ, and ; ric, some one. 
The circumflex (~ ), composed of the acute and grave; 
as, γῆ, land. 
- When words are accented on the last syllable, they are 
called oxytones ; when not, barytones. 


| PUNCTUATION. | 
10. The Greek has the following punctuation marks: 
Comma Gigi aM : 
Colon «= .«. ἢ 
Period 


Interrogation . Sa 
APMOUPOBNE 1S: vd BE e's 
Coronis . : 

Marks of πεν 

Marks of parenthesis 

Mark of diwresis , . . . 
Mark of admiration. . . 


ieee 
bate) 
S 
Qu 
CO 
es 


wv—“, 


ΕΣ 
νὰ 


— 


s . ΓῚ a . » 
δ αν τὸς ee του χορ τ et feet τὰ ait ee 
wwe “ 


16 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


PART IL—ETYMOLOGY. 


11. The Greek Language has Nine Parts of Speech, 
Viz. : ier 

Noun, Adjective, Article, Participle, Pronoun, and Verb 
—which are declined; and Adverb, Preposition, and Con- 
junction—which are not declined, 

12. There are Three Persons: First, Second, and Third. 

13. There are Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, and 
Neuter. : 

14. There are Three Numbers: the Singelar, denoting 
one; the Dual, denoting two; and the Plural, denoting 
more than one. | | 

15. There are Five Cases: the Nominative, Genitive, 
Dative, Accusative, Vocative. 

16. There are Three Declensions: mire: Second, and 
Third. 

The First Declension has as terminations, ViZ.: a, ἡ; 
ac, nC. 

- The Second Declension has two forninatieris: V1Z.: 0¢, ov. 

The Third Declension has nine terminations, viz. : a, ες v, 


WV, Py σς ἕξ, ψ. 


SOME GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. 


17. (a) The Nominative and Vocative are usually alike 
in the Singular, and always alike in the Dual and Plural. 

(ὁ) The Dative ΠΡΌΣ always ends in 4, annexed or 
subscribed. 

(c) The Genitive Plural always ends in wr. 

(4) The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neu- 
ters are the same in all three Numbers, and these Cases in 
the Plural end always in a. 

(ec) In the Dual Number, the Naniinative. Accdsalive 
and Vocative are alike, as also are the Gentle and Dative, 


ETYMOLOGY. 


17 


18. The following Table exhibits a comparative view 
of the terminations of the Three Declensions, | 


I. Declen. 

Nia, ἢ | ac, 
G. dg —ne¢ 
D. δ᾿ με 
Α. av— nv 
V. α --- ἢ 
N. A.V. ἃ 

G.D. aw 
N. αι 
G. ῶν 
D. auc 
A. ac 
Vv. αι 


ου 


n¢ 


II. Declen. 
Singular. 
oc Neut. ov 

ov 
ov 
ε Neut. ον 


Dual. 
ω 
οἷν 


Plural. 


oc Neut. 
ων 
οις 
ove Neut. 
oc Neut. 


ὥς 


ὥς Re 


III. Declen. 


o¢ 


t 


a—v Neut. like the Nom. 


οιν 


ec Neut. ἃ 
ων 
σὶ 
ἄς Neut. ἃ 
ἐς Neut. ἃ 


19. The Stem of a Noun is found by striking off the 


termination of the Genitive Singular. 


The above termi- 


nations, added to the remainder, will give the Cases of 


any Noun. 


ΙΖ. : — 
S. ἡ (honor): 
N. τιμή 
G. τιμῆς 
1. τιμῇ 
Α. τιμήν 
Ve τιμή 
5. ἡ (muse) 
Ν. μοῦσα 
α. μούσης 
D. μούσῃ 
Α. μοῦσαν 
Ὑ. μοῦσα 


FIRST DECLENSION. 
20, Nouns ending in a and ἡ are Feminine; those ending 
in ας and ne are Masculine. They are declined as follows, 


“ῬΌΩΖΌ dba 


D. (two honors) 


τιμά 
τιμαῖν 
τιμαῖν 
τιμά 
τιμά 


᾿μούσα 
μούσαιν 
μούσαιν 
μούσα 
μούσα 


. (two muses) — 


P. (honors) 

; Ν. τιμαί 
α. τιμῶν 
D. τιμαῖς 
A. τιμάς 
Ὑ τιμαί 
DP. (muses) 
N. μοῦσαι 
G. μουσῶν 
Ὁ. μούσαις 
Α. μούσας 
V. μοῦσαι 


18 


“ῬΘΩΟΖῺ APORAH 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


ὁ (publican) 


Cr 


τελώνης 
τελώνου 


᾿τελώνῃ 


τελώνην 
TEAWYN 


(steward ) 
ταμίας 
ταμίου 
ταμίᾳ 
ταμίαν 
ταμία 


1. (two publicans) 


SPOEPAS <PUa-A 


τελώνα 
τελώναιν 
- τελώναιν 
τελώνα 
τελώνα 


(two stewards) 


Tapia 
Tapia 
ταμίαιν 
ταμία 
ταμία 


ΟΡ, (publicans 


Ν. τελῶναι 
α. τελωνῶν 
1). τεχώναις 
Α. τελώνας 
V.. τελῶναι 
P, (stewards) 
N. ταμίαι 
G. ταμιῶν 
D. ταμίαις 
A. ταμίᾳ" 
V. ταμίαι 


Nouns in a pure, pa, and some others, retain the a 
E. g., σοφία, σοφίας, σοφίᾳ, σοφίαν ; 


throughout the Sin gular, 
χαρά, χαρᾶς, χαρᾷ, χαράν. 


Ἢ ἡ (house) 
N. οἰκία 
G. οἰκίας 
1). οἰκίᾳ 
Α. οἰκίαν 
Ὗ. οἰκία 


μνάα, a, mina. 


Sing. Sing. 

N. μν-άα, ἃ N. ép-éa, ἃ N. y-éa, ἢ 
G. μν-άας, ἂς G. ἐρ-έας, ἄς G. y-éae, ἧς 
D. μν-άᾳ, & D. ἐρ-έᾳ, @ D. γ-έᾳ, ἢ 
A. μν-άαν, ἂν Α. ép-éay, ἂν Α. γ-έαν, ἣν 
Υ. μν-άα, a, &e. V. ἐρ-ἕα, ἃ, &e. V. y-éa, ἢ, &e. 

ἁπλόη, ἢ i, simplicity. ‘Eppéac, ἧς, Mercury. 

Sing. Sing. 

N. ἁπλ-όη, ἢ N. Ἑρμ-ἕας, ἧς 

G. ἁπλ-όης, ἧς G. Ἑρμ-ἕου, οὔ 

D. ἁπλ-όῃ, ἢ Ὁ. Ἑρμ-ἕᾳ, ἢ 

A. ἁπλειόην, ἣν A. ‘Epp-éar, ἣν 

V. ἁπλ-όη, i, &e. ὀ ἠΕΥΦ. Ἑρμεία, ἢ, δ. 


D 
N. 
G. 
D 
A 
V 


. (two houses) 


οἰκία 
οἰκίαιν 
οἰκίαιν 
οἰκία 
οἰκία 


P. (houses) 
N. οἰκίαι 
G. οἰκιῶν 
D. οἰκίαις 
A. οἰκίας 
V. οἰκίαι 


CONTRACTS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 

21. Some Nouns of the first declension are contracted 
by dropping the vowels preceding the terminations a, ἡ; 
ac, n¢; except ea not preceded by a vowel or p, which is 
contracted into #, thus: 


épéa, a, wool, 


γέξα, γῆ, earth, 


γαλέη, ἢ, weasel. 
Sing. 

N. yad-én, ἢ 

Ὁ. γαλ-έης, ἧς 

1). γαλ-ἕῃ, ἢ 

A. yan-ény, ἣν 

Υ. yar-én, ἢ, &e. 


᾿Απελλέης, ἧς, Apelles. 
Sing. 

N, ᾿Απελλ-έης, ἧς 

G. ᾿Απελλ-έου, οὔ 

D. ᾿Απελλ-έῃ, ἢ 

A. ᾿Απελλ-έην, ἣν 

V. ᾿Απελλ-ἕη, ἢ, &e. 


ο ETYMOLOGY. 


19 


᾿ EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 


σελήνη, the moon. 
σοφιστής, a sophist. 
πέλεια, a dove. 
Αἰνείας, A’neas. 
γέφυρα, a bridge. 
λύσσα, frenzy. 
κιϑαριστής, a harper. 
᾿Αναξαγόρας, Anax- 
agoras. 


γλῶσσα, the tongue, 


᾿ ἀγορά, the forum. 


τεχνίτης, an artist. 
ἡδονή, pleasure. 
γωνία, an angle. 
βία, force. 

αὔρα, a breeze. 
avia, sadness. 


ἀγωνιστῆς, a wrestler. 


εἰρήνη, peace. 
σοφία, wisdom. 
μέλαινα, black. 
τάλαινα, miserable. 
δίκη, justice, 


᾿ βουλή, counsel. 


μάχαιρα, a sword. 
φρονηματίας, high-mind- 
ed. 


SECOND DECLENSION. 


22, Nouns ending in o¢ are Masculine, and rarely Fem- 
inine. Those ending in ον are Neuter. They are declined 


as follows, viz. : 


S. ὁ (word) 
N. λόγος 
G. λόγου 
D. λόγῳ 
A. “λόγον 
V.. oye 
_S. τὸ (fig) 
N. σῦκον 
G. σύκου 
D. σύκῳ 
A. σῦκον 
V. σῦκον 
S. ὁ (temple) 
N. νεώς 
G. vew 
. veg 
Α. νεών 
VV. vewe 
“S. τὸ (hall) 
N. ἀνώγεων 
G. ἀνώγεω 
D. ἀνώγεῳ 
A. ἀνώγεων 
V. ἀνώγεων 


D, (two -words) 
N. λόγω 
G. λόγοιν 
D. λόγοιν 
A. λόγω 
ν. λόγω 
D. (two figs) 
ΟΝ, σύκω 
α. σύκοιν 
Ὦ. σύκοιν 
Α. σύκω 
V. σύκω 
“0. (two temples) 


N. vew 
G. vepy 
D. νεῷν 
A. νεώ 
Ve. νεώ 
D. (two halls) 
N. ἀνώγεω 
G. ἀνώγεῳν 
DD. ἀνώγεῳν 
A. ἀνώγεω 
V. ἀνώγεω 


P. (words) 
N. λόγοι 
G. λόγων 
1). λόγοις 
Α. λόγους 
γ. λόγοι 
P. (figs) 


NSP Oe? 
Qq 
= 
R 


. (temples) 


Ν, νεῷ 

G. νεῶν 
D. vepe 

A. νεώς 

Ve νεῴ 

P. (halls) 

N. ἀνώγεω 
G. ἀνώγεων 
D. ἀνώγεῳς 
A. avwyew ᾿ 
Υ.-. ἀνώγεω 


The. last two Nouns, νέως and ἀνώγεων, are irregular, 


20 - GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
belonging to the Attic Dialect, and are inserted as exam- 
ples. 

CONTRACTS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 


23. Nouns which end in ove and oo» are contracted, and 
declined as follows, viz. : 


S. ὁ (mind) D. (two minds) P. (minds) 

N. γόος νοῦς N. vow wo N. γόοι voi 

G. νόου νοῦ G. voow νοῖν G. γόων νῶν 

D. νόῳ vp D. vdow voiv D. νόοις voice 

A. νόον νοῦν A. γόω vw A. νύόους νοῦς 

‘V. ve νοῦ V. vow vo V. vdot vot 

S. τὸ (bone) D. (two bones) P. (bones) 

N. ὀστέον ὀστοῦν N. ὀστέω ὀστώ N. ὀστέα ὀστᾶ 

G. ὀστέου ὀστοῦ G. ὀστέοιν ὀστοῖν G. ὀστέων ὀστῶν 

1). ὀστέῳ ὀστῷ D. ὀστέοιν ὀστοῖν D. ὀστέοις ὀστοῖς 

Α. ὀστέον ὀστοῦν A. ὀστέω ὀστώ A. ὀστέα ὀστᾶ 

V. ὀστέον ὀστοῦν. V.. ὀστέω ὀστώ V. ὀστέα ὀστᾶ 
WORDS FOR PRACTICE. 

ἄγγελος, @ messenger. ἀργύριον, silver. ῥόδον, a rose. 

ἀετός, an eagle. - ἔργον, work. σίδηρος, iron. 

ἄθλος, a combat. μῆλον, an apple. στρατός, an army. 

ἄθλον, a prize. voroc, the south wind. φορτίον, a burden. 

ἄμπελος, a vine. οἴκος,α house. © χαλκός, copper. Ὁ 

ἄργυρος, silver. παιδίον, a child. χρυσός, gold. 

πλόος, a voyage. ρόος, a stream. χνόος, down. 


THIRD DECLENSION. 
24.. Nouns of the Third Declension ending i in 


£UC Ὰ ας--ταδος > a > 
ac—avroc της--- τητος t 
ων = auc a) Vv’ 
eS a 25 
ovc—ovrToc © ως @ ac—aroc a 
euc—evrog | & ὠ---οος ty ος iS 
av ᾿ ἕ and verbalsin > ΒΗ op + © 
= ις =} — 
— me de O 
¢ nT0C 5S jam 
we—wroc © φῷ 
np | 5 * 
wp J J J 


ETYMOLOGY. 


They are declined as follows, viz. : 


Sing. 


ΘΝ 


AP OOS 


σωτ-ὴρ 
σωτ-ῆρος 
σωτ-ῆρι 
σωτ-ῆρα 
σῶτ-ερ 


Sing. 
σῶμ-α 
σὠμ-ἄτος 
σώμ-ατι 
σῶμ-α 
σῶμ-α 


Sing. 


ae Se 


<> 922 


A. 
V. 


e 
0, 


παι-ὰν 


. παι-ᾶἄνος 


παι-ᾶνι 
παι-ἄνα 
παι-ἄν 


Sing. 
λαῖλα-Ψ 
λαίλαᾶ-πος 
λαίλα-πι 


.« καίλα-πα 


λαῖλα-Ψ 


Sing. 


. J-we" 
. ϑωὸς, 


S-wit 
S-éa 
9-ὡς 


vulture. 


S.N. yoy 
G. γυτός 
D. γυπί 
A. γῦπα 


γ. 


ὁ σωτὴρ, savior. 


Dual. 


ἫΝ, A. V. σωτ-ῆρε 


G. D. σωτ-ήροιν 


- τὸ σῶμα, body. 
Dual. 


“N. A.V, owp-are 


G. D. σων-άτοιν 


ὁ παιὰν, pean, 


Dual. 
N. A.V. παι-ᾶνε 
G. D. wat-avow 


ἡ λαῖλαψ, storm. 
Dual. 


N. A. V. λαίλα-πε 


G. Ὁ. λαιλά-ποιν 


ὁ Swe, jackall. 
Dual. 
N. A. V. S-we 
G. Ὁ. ϑ-ωοῖν 
᾿ ὃ, ταῦθη. ὃ, ἡ goat. 
κόραξ αἴξ 
κόρακος αἰγός 
- κόρακι αἰγί 
᾿ς Κόρακα αἶγα 


«»ΌΩΙΣ 


SPO 


ἡ, hair. 
ς΄ ρίξ 

τριχός 
τεῦξε, TALXE 
τρίχα 


21 


Plur. 
N. σωτ-ῆρες 
G. σωτ-ῆρων 
D. σωτ-ῆρσι 

A. σωτ-ῆρας 
V. σωτ-ῆρες 


Plur. 
. σώμ-ατα 
. σωμ-άτων 
. σώμ-ασι 
. σώμ-ατα 
. σώμ-ατα 


Plur. 
. παι-ᾶνες 
παι-ἄνων 
παι-ᾶσι 
παι-ᾶνας 
παι-ἄνες 


Plur. 
λαίλα-πες 
λαιλά-πων 
λαίλα-ψι 
λαίλα-πας 
λαίλα-πες 


APO OS 


Plur. 
N. 9-wec 
G. ϑ-ώων 
D. ϑ-ωσὶ 
A. 3-ac 
V. 3-eEc 
ἡ, woman, 
γυνή 
γυναικός 
γυναικί 
γυναῖκα 
γύναι 


. δαίμονας 


22 ‘GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
ὁ, vulture. ὁ, Αγαῦ. 6,raven. 6,%),goat. 1,hair. 1),woman. - 
D.N. yore "ApaBe κόρακε aye τρίχε γυναῖκε 
α. γυποῖν ᾿Αράβοιν κοράκοιν αἰγοῖν τριχοῖν γυναικοῖν 
P. N. γῦπες "ApaBec κόρακες αἶγες τρίχες γυναῖκες 
G. γυπῶν ᾿Αράβων κοράκων αἰγῶν τριχῶν γυναικῶν 
D. γυψί Ἄραψι. κόραξι αἰξί ϑριξί γυναιξί 
Α. γῦπας “ApaBag κόρακας αἶγας τρίχας γυναῖκας 
ὁ, ἡ, οἶα. ὃ, foot. ἡ, key. ὁ, ἡ, bird. 
5. Ν. παῖς πούς κλείς ὄρνις 
G. παιδός ποδός κλειδός ὔρνιϑος 
.1). παιδί ποδί κλειδί ὔρνιϑι 
Α. παῖδα πόδα κλεῖδα, κλεῖν ὔρνιϑα, ὄρνιν. 
V. παῖ : 
D.N. παῖδε πόδε κλεῖδε ὔρνιϑε 
G. παίδοιν ποδοῖν κλειδοῖν ὀρνίϑοιν 
P.N. παῖδες πόδες κλεῖδες, κλεῖς ὔρνιϑες, ὄρνεις 
. παίδων ποδῶν κλειδῶν ὀρνίϑων, ὄρνεων 
D. παισί ποσί κλεισί ὄρνισι 
Α. παῖδας πόδας κλεῖδας, κλεῖς ὄρνιϑας, ὄρνεις, ὕρνϊς 
ὁ, deity. ὁ, shepherd. ἡ, nose. ὁ, beast. ὁ, ογαίογ. ἡ, hand. © 
S.N. δαίμων ποιμήν ῥίς ϑήρ ῥήτωρ χείρ 
G. δαίμονος ποιμένος ῥινός ϑηρός ῥήτορος χειρός. 
D. δαίμονι ποιμένι ῥινί Snpi ῥήτορι χειρί 
Α. δαίμονα, ποιμένα ῥῖνα ϑῆρα ῥήτορα χεῖρα 
Υ. δαῖμον ποιμήν ῥίν ῥήτρ 
Ὁ. Ν, δαίμονε ποιμένε  ῥῖνε Sipe ῥήτορε χεῖρε 
G. δαιμόνοιν ποιμένιν ῥινον οϑερον ῥητόροινν χεροῖν 
P.N. δαίμονες ποιμένες ῥῖνες Spec ῥήτορες χεῖρες 
G. δαιμόνων ποιμένων ῥινῶν Spey ῥητόρων χειρῶν 
D. δαίμοσι ποιμέσι ῥισί ϑηρσί ῥήτορσι χερσί 
A ποιμένας ῥῖνας ϑῆρας ῥήτορας χεῖρας 


CONTRACTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 


25. Nouns of the Third Declension, whose Genitive Sin- 
gular ends:in o¢ pure, are contracted. 
Let the pupil remember that 


ε and o are Short Vowels; 
ἡ and w are their corresponding Long Vowels; 
ec and ov are their corresponding Diphthongs. 


ETYMOLOGY. 23 

The following rules are for the contractions of the Third 
Declension, and for Verbs also: 

1. A short vowel followed by itself becomes its own 
diphthong; as, βασιλέες, βασιλεῖς. 

2. Two consecutive short vowels become ov; as, τείχεος; 
τείχους. 

3, A short vowel before « becomes its own diphthong ; 
as, τείχεϊ, τείχει. 

4, A short vowel before a unites with it and becomes 
its own long; 3 as ἔαρ, ἦρ. 

5. E before.a long vowel or a diphthong is rejected ; as, 
τειχέων, τειχῶν. 

6. O before a long vowel becomes w; before a diphthong 
‘it combines with the second vowel of the diphthong; as, 
δηλόω. δηλῶ ; δηλοόι, δηλδι. 

7. A before o or w becomes w; before the other vowels 

it becomes a; as, σᾶος; σῶς; τίμαε; τίμα. 
8, If the first of two vowels i is 4, v, or ἃ long vowel, the 
a 15 rears AS, τιμῆεν, τιμῆν. 


ae _ EXAMPLES. 
S. (galley) S. τὸ (wall) 
N. τριῆρης Ν, τεῖχος 
G. τριήρεος τριήρους G. τειχέος τείχους 
1. τριήρεϊ τριήρει 1). τείχεϊ τείχει 
A. τριήρεα τριήρη Α. τεῖχος 
Ὑ. “τρίηρες © Ὑ. τεῖχος ὦ 
DX two galleys) D., (two walls) 
N. A.V. τριήρεε τριήρη N. A.V. τείχεε τείχη 
α. 1). τριηρέοιν τριηροῖν α. D. τειχέοιν τειχοῖν 
P. (galleys) _ P. (walls) 
N. τριήρεες τριήρεις Ν, τείχεα τείχη. 
α. τριηρέων τριηρῶν α.. -τειχέων τειχῶν 
1). τριήρεσι(ν) Ώ. τείχεσι») 
A. τριήρεας τριήρεις Δ. τείχεα τείχη 
Υ. τριήρεες “τριήρεις Vi. -τείχεα τείχη 


24 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


S. τὸ (prize) S. ἡ (echo) 

N. γέρας N. 7x 

G. γεέραος γέρως ᾿ α. ἠχόος ἠχοῦς 
D. γέραϊ γέρᾳ Ὁ. ἠχόϊ ἠχοῖ 
Α. γέρας A. ἠχόα ἠχώ 
Υ.. γέρας V. ἠχοῖ 

D. (two prizes) D. (two echoes) 
N. A.V. yépae γέρᾶ N. A.V. ἠχώ 
G.D. γεράοιν γερῷν α. Ὁ. ἠχοῖν 
P. (prizes) P. (echoes) 

N. yépaa γέρᾶ N. ἠχοί 

G. γεράων γερῶν α. ἠχῶν 

D. γέρασι(ν) D. ἠχοῖς 

A. γέραα γέρᾶ Α. ἠχούς 

V. γέραα γερᾶ V. ἠχοί 


Proper names in κλέης, contracted κλῆς, undergo a 
double contraction in the dative singular, and sometimes 
in the accusative singular. E. g., 

S. ὁ (Pericles) : 
Περικλέης Περικλῆς 
Περικλέεος Περικλέους ᾿ 
Περικλέεὶ Περικλέει - περιαλεῖ 
Περικλέεα Περικλέα ὌΝ 
Περίκλεες - Περίκλεις 
Nouns in ες, ve, gen. toc, voc, are contracted in the dative 
singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative 
plural. E.g., 


SP ORs 


S. ὁ (serpent) S. ὁ (fish) 

N. ὄφις N. ἐχϑύς 

G. ὄφιος G. ἰχϑύος 
D. dpu ὄφι Ὦ. ἐχϑύϊ. ἰχϑυῖ 
Α. ὄφιν A... ἐχϑύν 

V. ὄφι ᾿ V. ἐχϑύ 

D. (two serpents) D. (two fishes) 

N. A.V. ὄφιε N. A.V. tySve 


G.D. ὀφίοιν 
P. (serpents) 
ὄφις ὄφις 
ὀφίων 


ὔὕφισι(ν) 


<P ORS 


ὄφιες ὄφις 


᾿ Opiag . ὕφις “᾿ 


G.D. ἐχϑύοιν 


P. (fishes) 

N.  iySvec ἰχϑῦς 
G. ἰχϑύων 

1). ἰἐχϑύσι(ν) 

A. -ἰχϑύας “ ἰχϑῦς 
V. ἰχϑύες ἰχϑῦς 


Ν; 


. ϑυγατ-ἕρα, pa 
. ϑύγατ-ερ 


«»ΌΩ 


Jpn 


τό κρέας, flesh. 


Sing. 
N. A.V. κρέ-ας 
G. Kpé-aroc 
D. κρέ-ατι 
Dual. : 
N.A.V. κρέ-ατε 
G. Ὁ. κρε-άτοιν 
Plur. 
N. A.V. κρέ-ατα 
G. κρε-άτων 
1). κρέ-ασι 


Sing. 
Svyar-no 
ϑυγατ-έρος, ρός 
Svyar-épt, pt 


Sing. 


. ἀν-ἤρ 

. ἀν-έρος, δρός 
. ἀν-ἔρι, 
. ἀν-τέρα, Opa 


Opt 


» 
ἄντερ 


Sing. 
πατ-ήρ 
πατ-έρος, POC 
πατ-ἔρι, pl 


ETYMOLOGY. 25 
τὸ κέρας, a horn. 
Sing. 
N. A.V. κέρ-ας 
-a0g -we G. Kép-aTog -αος -we 
~ai τᾷ D.Kép-art -αὶ -ᾳ 
Dual. 
-a& -a N.A.V.kép-are -at -a 
-dolv -ῷν G. D. κερ-άτοιν -dow -ᾧὧν 
Plur, 
“aa -a N. A.V. κέρτατα -aa -a 
-dwy -ὥν G. κερτάτων -ἄων -ὧν 
Ὦ. κέρ-ασι 
ἡ Suyarnp, a daughter. 
Dual. Plur. 
N. ϑυγατ-έρες 
N. A.V. ϑαγατ-έρε, ps G. Svyar-épwy 
: 1). ϑυγατ-ράσι 
α. Ὁ. Suyar-épow, ροῦν Α. Suyar-épag 
V. Suyar-épec 
ὁ ἀνήρ, @ man. ' 
Dual. Plur. 
N. dv-ipec, ὃρες 
N.A.V. ἀν-έρε, dpe G. ἀν-έρων, δρῶν 
D. ἀν-δράσι 
G. Ὁ. ἀν-ἔροιν, dpciv A. ἀν-έρας, ὃρας 
Υ. ἀν-έρες, ὃδρες. 
ὁ πατήρ, a father. 
᾿ Dual. Plur. 
N. war-épec 
N. A.V. war-épe, pe G. πατ-έρων 
. D. πατ-ράσι 


α. D. πατ-έροιν, ροῖν 


A. πατ-έρας 
Υ. πατ-έρες 


Taorip has γαστῆρσι, as well as γαστράσι, in the dative 
plural. 


Nouns in eve are contracte 


in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural. 
generally have we in the genitive singular. E. ¢., 


B 


d in the dative singular, and 


They 


20 


S.0 


SPyee 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


(king) 
βασιλεύς 
βασιλέως 
βασιλεέὶ 
βασιλέα 
βασιλεῦ 


βασιλεῖ 


D. (two kings) 
N. A.V. βασιλέε 


G. D. βασιλέοιν 


P. (kings) 

N. βασιλέες 

G. βασιλέων 
D. βασιλεῦσι(.") 
A. βασιλέας 

Υ. βασιλέες 


βασιλεῖς 


βασιλεῖς 


Most Nouns in ες; ες ve, v, change « and υ into ε in all the 
cases except the nominative, accusative, and vocative sin- 


gular. 

we. E. 5. 

S. ἡ (state) 

N. πόλις 

G. πόλεως 

D. πόλεϊ πόλει 
Α. πόλιν 

Ὗ. πόλι 

S. 70 (mustard ) 
N. σίνηπι 

G. σινήπεος 

1). σινήπεϊ σινήπει 
A. σίνηπι 

‘VV. σίνηπι 

S. ὁ (οὐδὲ) 

Ν, πῆχυς 

α. πήχεως 

D. πήχει πήχει 
Α. πῆχυν 

Ὗ. πῆχυ 

S. τὸ (city) 

N. ἄστυ 

G. ἄστεος. 

D. doreé ἄστει 
A. ἄστυ 

V. ἄστυ 


Dd. 


N. 


(twa states) 
A.V. πόλεε 


G. Ὁ. πολέοιν 


D. 


N. 


D. 


N. 


D. 


N. 


A.V. σινήπεε 
G. D. σινηπέοιν 
(two cubits) 
A.V. πήχεε 

G. D. πηχέοιν 
(two cities) 
A.V. ἄστεε 


G. Ὁ. ἀστέοιν 


Substantives in ἐς and ve generally change og into 


P. (states) 


N. πόλεες πόλεις 
G. πόλεων 

D. πόλεσι(ν) 

A. πόλεας πόλεις 
Υ. πόλεες πόλεις 
P. 5 
Ν. σινῆήπεα σινήπη 
G. σινηπέων 

D. σινήπεσι(ν) 

Α. σινήπεα σινήπη 
V. σινήπεα σινήπη 
P. (cubits) 

N. πήχεες πήχεις 
G. πήχεων 

D. πήχεσι(ν) 

A. πήχεας πήχεις 
Ὑ. πήχεες πήχεις 
P. (cities) 

N. ἄστεα ἄστη 

G. ἄστέων 

D: ἄστεσι(ν) 

A. ἄστεα ἄστη 

Υ. ἄστεα ἄστη 


ETYMOLOGY. os 


ADJECTIVES. 

26. Adjectives in Greek have three terminations, two 
terminations, and one termination. The first termination 
is masculine, the second feminine, the third neuter. They 
are of the First and Second Declensions, and of the Third 
Declension. They are declined as follows, viz. : 

ὁ (wise) ἡ (wise) τὸ (wise) 
σοφός σοφή σοφόν 
σοφοῦ σοφῆς σοφοῦ 
σοφῷ σοφῇ σοφῷ 
σοφόν σοφήν σοφόν 
σοφέ coon σοφόν 


. σοφώ σοφά σοφώ 
1. σοφοῖν σοφαῖν σοφοῖν 


σοφοί σοφαί σοφά 
σοφῶν σοφῶν σοφῶν 
σοφοῖς σοφαῖς σοφοῖς 
σοφούς σοφάς σοφά 


σοφοί σοφαί σοφά 
a 


ΡΞ RAY SPUR A 
b> 
<j 


27. Adjectives in og pure and ρος make their Feminine 
ina; as: 


- 


μακρός, long. 
Sing. Dual. Plur. 

N. μακρ-ός, a, ov N. μακρ-οί, ai, & 
G. μακρ-οῦ, ac, ov N.A.V. μακρ-ώ, a, ὦ G. μακρ-ῶν, Gy, wy 
1). paxp-~, ¢, @ 1). μακρ-οῖς, αἷς, οἷς 
A. μακρ-όν, av, ov G. D. μακρ-οῖν, atv, οἷν A. μακρ-ούς, ac, ἅ 
V. praxp-&, a, ov V. pakp-oi, al, a 

5. ὁ (worthy) ἡ (worthy) τὸ (worthy) 

Ν. ἄξιος ἀξία ἄξιον 

G. ἀξίου ἀξίας ἀξίου 

Ὥ. ἀξίῳ ἀξίᾳ ἀξίῳ 

Α. ἄξιον ἀξίαν ἄξιον 

V. ἄξιε ἀξία ἄξιον 

D, 

N. A.V. ἀξίω ἀξία ἀξίω 

G. Ὁ ἀξίοιν ᾿ ἀξίαιν ἀξίοιν 


28 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


P, ὁ (worthy) 

N. ἄξιοι 

G. ἀξίων 
.:.3. ἀξίοις 

Α. ἀξίους 

‘i ἄξιοι 


ἡ (worthy) 
ἄξιαι 
ἀξίων 
ἀξίαις 
ἀξίας 
ἄξιαι 


τὸ (worthy) 
ἄξια 
ἀξίων 
> , 
ἀξίοις 
ἄξία 
ἄξια 


28. Compound and Derivative Adjectives of more than 
two syllables have usually but two terminations: one for 
the Masculine and Feminine, and one for the Neuter; as: 


« « 
0, ἢ 


. 


. 


SPP eA See AP eae 
o> 
< 


Adjectives in 


(quiet) 
ἥσυχος 
ἡσύχου 
ἡσύχῳ 
ἥσυχον 
ἣσυχε 


. ἡσύχω 


ἡσύχοιν 


ἥσυχοι 
ἡσύχων 
ἡσύχοις 
ἡσύχους 
ἥσυχοι 


we are declined thus: 


S. ὁ, ἡ (fertile) 
N. εὔγεως 
α. εὔγεω 
Ὁ. εὔγεῳ 
Α. εὔγεων 
Vv. εὔγεως 
2. 

N. A.V. εὔγεω 
G.D. εὔγεῳν 
- opr 

N. εὔγεῳ 
G. εὔγεων 
1. εὔγεῳς 
A. εὔγεως 
y. Ev YEW 


o- 


τὸ (quiet) 


ἥσυχον 
ἡσύχου 
ἡρύχῳ 

ἥσυχον 
ἥσυχον 


ἡσύχω 
ἡσύχοιν 


ἥσυχα 
ἡσύχων 
ἡσύχοις 
ἥσυχα 
ἥσυχα 


( fertile) 
εὔγεων 
εὔγεω 
εὔγεῳ 
εὔγεων 
εὔγεων 


> a~ 
EVYEW 
εὔγεῳν 


εὔγεω ὶ 
εὔγεων 
εὔγεῳς 
εὔγεω 
εὔγεω 


ETYMOLOGY. 


29 


29, Adjectives of the Third Declension have the Mascu- 
line and Neuter of the Third Declension, and the Feminine 
of the First.. They are declined as follows: 

S. ὁ (sweet) 


. 


“ΡΞ Ὁ ΡΟΝ ὦ 


o> 


γλυκύς 
γλυκέος 
γλυκέὶ γλυκεῖ 
γλυκύν 

γλυκύ 


. YAUKEE 


γλυκέοιν 


γλυκέες γλυκεῖς 
γλυκέων 
γλυκέσι(ν) 
γλυκέας γλυκεῖς 
γλυκέες γλυκεῖς 
ὁ (all) 
πᾶς 
παντός 
παντί 
πάντα 
πᾶς 


V. πάντε 
πάντοιν 


πάντες 
πάντων 
πᾶσι(ν) 
πάντας 
πάντες 


ἡ (sweet) 


γλυκεῖα 
γλυκείας 
γλυκείᾳ 
γλυκεῖαν 
γλυκεῖα 


γλυκεία 
γλυκείαιν 


γλυκεῖαι 
γλυκειῶν 
γλυκείαις 
γλυκείας 
γλυκεῖαι 


ἡ (all) 
πᾶσα 
πάσης 
πάσῃ 
πᾶσαν 
πᾶσα 


πάσα 


πάσαιν 


πᾶσαι 
πασῶν 
- πάσαις 
πάσας 
πᾶσαι 


τὸ (sweet) 


γλυκύ 

γλυκέος 

γλυκέϊ γλυκεῖ 
γλυκύ 

γλυκύ 


γλυκέε 
γλυκέοιν 


γλυκέα 
γλυκέων 
γλυκέσι(ν) 
γλυκέα 
γλυκέα 


τὸ (all) 
πᾶν 
παντὸς 
παντί 
Tay 
πᾶν 


πάντε. 
πάντοιν 


πάντα 
πάντων 
πᾶσι(ν) 
πάντα 
πάντα 


. Participles ending in ας are declined like πᾶς. 


a ea δὲ 


ὁ (giving) 
διδούς 
διδόντος 
διδόντι 
διδόντα 
διδούς 


ἡ (giving) 


διδοῦσα 


διδούσης 


διδούσῃ 


διδοῦσαν 


διδοῦσα 


τὸ (giving) 
ες διδόν 
διδόντος 
διδόντι 
διδόν 


διδόν 


30 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


D. 6 (giving) ἡ (giving) τὸ (giving) 
N.A.V. διδόντε διδούσα διδόντε 
σα. Ὁ. δδιδόντοιν διδούσαιν διδόντοιν 
ταὶ 
Ν. διδόντες διδοῦσαι : διδόντα 
G. διδόντων διδουσῶν διδόντων 
D. διδούσι(ν) διδούσαις διδοῦσι(ν) 
A, διδόντας διδούσας διδόντα 
Υ. διδόντες διδοῦσαι ἡ διδόντα 
5. ὁ, ἡ (ripe) τὸ (ripe) 
Ν. πέπων πέπον 
G πέπονος πέπονος 
D πέπονι πέπονι 
A. πέπονα πέπον 
V πέπον πέπον 
2. 
N. A.V. πέπονε πέπονε 
α. Ὁ. πεπύνοιν πεπόνοιν 
P 
N πέπονες πέπονα 
α. πεπόνων πεπόνων 
9 πέποσι(ν) πέποσι(ν) 
A πέπονας πέπονα 
V. WETOVEC πέπονα 
8. ὁ ἡ τὸ 
ἂν, τετυφώς τετυφυῖα τετυφὸς 
σ. τετυφύτος τετυφυίας τετυφότος 
1). τετυφότι τετυφυίᾳ τετυφότι 
ἂν τετυφύτα _ >. τετυφυῖαν τετυφύς 
Ἂς τετυφώς τετυφυῖα τετυφός 
1). 
Ν. ΔΟΥ͂. τετυφότε τετυφυία τετυφότε 
α.1). τετυφότοιν τετυφυίαιν τετυφύότοιν 
Ae 
N. TETUPOTEC τετυφυῖαι τετυφότα 
G. TETUPOTWY τετυφυιῶν TETUPOTWY 
1). τετυφύόσι(ν) τετυφυίαις τετυφύσι(ν) 
Α. τετυφότας τετυφυίας τετυφότα 
Υ. τετυφότες τετυφυῖαι τετυφότα 


Participles ending in ὡς are declined like τετυφώς. 


SPSS Bi OB Sos Ὁ ΘΕ me 


ETYMOLOGY. 


ὁ, ἡ (true) 


ς» 


. ἀληϑέε 


ἀληϑῆς 
ἀληϑέος 
ἀληϑέὶ 
ἀληϑέα 
ἀληϑές 


ἀληϑοῦς 
ἀληϑεῖ 
ἀληϑὴ 


ἀληϑῆ 
ἀληϑέοιν ἀληδϑοῖν 
ἀλησεῖς 
ἀληϑῶν 


ἀληϑέες 
ἀληϑέων 
ἀληϑέσι(ν) 
ἀληϑέας 
ἀληϑέες 


ἀληϑεῖς 
ἀληϑεῖς 


( placing) 
τιϑείς 
τιθέντος 
τιϑέντι 
τιϑέντα 
τιϑείς 


. τιϑέντε 


τιϑέντοιν 


τιϑέντες 
τιϑέντων 
τιϑεῖσι(ν) 
τιϑέντας 
τιϑέντες 


ἡ (placing) 


τιϑεῖσα 
τιϑείσης 
τιϑείσῃ 
τιθεῖσαν 
τιϑεῖσα 


τιϑείσα 
τιϑείσαιν 


τιϑεῖσαι 
τιϑεισῶν 
τιϑείσαις 
τιϑείσας 
τιϑεῖσαι 


τὸ (true) 

ἀληϑὲς 

ἀληϑέος ἀληϑοῦς 

ἀληϑεὶ ἀληϑεῖ 

ἀληϑές 

ἄληϑες 

ἀληϑέε ἀληϑὴ 

ἀληϑέοιν ἀληϑοῖν 

ἀληϑέα ἀληϑῇ 

ἀληϑέων ἀληϑῶν 

ἀληϑέσι(ν) 

ἀληϑέα ἀληϑὴ 

ἀληϑέα ἀληϑῇ 

τὸ ( placing) 

τιϑέν. 
τιϑέντος 
τιϑέντι 
τιϑέν 
τιϑέν 
τιϑέντε 
τιϑέντοιν 
τιϑέντα 
τιϑέντων 
τιϑεῖσι(») 
τιϑέντα 
τιθέντα 


Participles ending in εἰς are declined like τιθείο. 


5. ὁ (showing) 
N. δεικνύς 

α. δεικνύντος 
Ὁ. δεικνύντι 
Α. δεικνύντα 
iv: . δεικνὺς 

D 


LALV. δεικνύντε 


D. δεικνύντοίν 


Q ἸΖ 


ἡ (showing) 


δεικνῦσα 
δεικνύσης 
δεικνύσῃ 
δεικνῦσαν 
δεικνῦσα 


δεικνύσα 
δεικνύσαιν 


τὸ (showing) 
δεικνύν 
δεικνύντος 
δεικνύντι 
δεικνύν 
δεικνύν 


δεικνύντε 
δεικνύντοιν 


92 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


ὁ (showing) 
δεικνύντες 
δεικνύντων 
δεικνῦσι(ν) 
δεικνύντας 
δεικνύντες 


ἡ (showing) 
δεικνῦσαι 
δεικνυσῶν 
δεικνύσαις 
δεικνύσας 
δεικνῦσαι 


τὸ (showing) 
δεικνύντα 
δεικνύντων 
δεικνῦσι(ν) 
δεικνύντα 
δειλνύντα 


Adjectives in wy, genitive οντος, have three endings: ων; 


E o ς ον ς Pa Εν» 
. 5.2) ἐκων, EKOVOA, EKOY. 


ἡ (willing) 
ἑκοῦσα 
ἑκούσης 
ἑκούσῃ 
ἑκοῦσαν 
ἑκοῦσα 


« ΄ 
ἑκούσα 
ἑκούσαιν 


ἑκοῦσαι 
ἑκουσῶν 
ἑκούσαις 
ἑκούσας 
ἑκοῦσαι 


τὸ (willing) 


€ , 
éxOv 
ἑκόντος 
ἑκόντι 
e , 
EKOV 
EKOV 


ε , 
EKOVTE 
ἑκόντοιν 


ἥν. ἊΝ 


ἑκόντα 
ἑκόντων ἢ 
éxovoi(v) 
ἑκόντα 
ἑκόντα 


Participles ending in wy are declined like ἑκών. 


ουσα, ον. 
S. ὁ (willing) 
N. ἑκών 
α. ἑκόντος 
17. ἑκόντι 
Α. ἑκόντα 
V. ἑκών 
D. 
N.A.V. ἑκόντε 
G.D. ἐἑκόντοιν 
P. 
N. EKOVTEC 
G. ἑκόντων 
D. ἑκοῦσι(ν) 
A. ἑκόντας 
Vv. ἑκόντες 
5. ὁ (much) 
N. πολύς 
G. πολλοῦ 
1. πολλῷ 
Α. πολύν 
F. (many) 
N. « πολλοί 
G. πολλῶν 
DD. πολλοῖς 
Α. πολλούς 
S. ὁ (great) 
N. μέγας 
α. μεγάλου 
D. μεγάλῳ 
Α. μέγαν 
Vv. μέγα 


ἡ (much) 
πολλή 
πολλῆς 
πολλῇ 
πολλήν 


(any) 
πολλαί 
πολλῶν 
πολλαῖς 
πολλάς 


ἡ (great) 
μεγάλη 
μεγάλης 
μεγάλῃ 
μεγάλην 
μεγάλη 


τὸ (much) 


πολύ 
πολλοῦ 
πολλῷ 
πολύ 


(many) 
πολλά 
πολλῶν 
πολλοῖς 
πολλά 


70 (great) 


μέγα 
μεγάλου 
μεγάλῳ 
μέγα 
μέγα 


D. ὁ (great) 
N. A.V. μεγάλω 
G.D. μεγάλοιν 
ἊΝ 

v μεγάλοι 
α. μεγάλων 
D. μεγάλοις 
Α. μεγάλους 
Υ. μεγάλοι 


S. ὁ, ἡ ( pleasanter) 


ee 


PUazY AA ΡΌ ΘΙ 
Ὁ 


ἡδίων 

« , 
ἡδίονος 
ἡδίονι 
ἡζίονα 


. 


ο 


. ἡδίονε 
« dy , 
. ἡδιόνοιν 


ε be 
ἡδίονες 

« , 
ἡδιόνων 
ἡδζξίοσι(») 


τέρην, tender. 


Sing. 
τέρ-ην, εἰνᾶ, 
τέρ-ενος, ELVNC, 
τέρ-ενι, εἰνῃ, 
τέρ-ενα, ειναν, 
τέρ-εν, ELL 

Dual. 

. τέρ-ενε, ELVA, 
τερ-ένοιν, είναιν, 
Plur. 
TEP-EVEC, ELV AL, 
τερ-ένων, εινῶν, 
τέρ-εσι, εἰίναις, 
τέρ-ενας, εἰνας, 
TEP-EVEC, ELV CLL, 


, 


ETYMOLOGY. 


ἡδίω 


ear 
ἡδίους 


ἡδίονας ἡδίους 


εν 
νος 
EVE 
εν 
ἐν 


EVE 
EVOLY 


Eva 
EVWY 
éoL 
eva 
eva 


ἡ (great) 


μεγάλα 
μεγάλαιν 


μεγάλαι 
μεγάλων 
μεγάλαις 
μεγάλας 
μεγάλαι 


τὸ (great) 


μεγάλω 
μεγάλοιν 


μεγάλα 
μεγάλων 
μεγάλοις 
μεγάλα 
μεγάλα 


τὸ ( pleasanter) 


act 


WOLOV 


ἡδίονος 


ἡδίονι 
ay 
ἥδιον 


ἡδίονε 


ἡδιόνοιν 


e ΝΗ 
ηθίονα 


ear 
MOLD 


ἡδιόνων 
ἡδίοσι(ν) 


ἡδίονα 


ἡδίω 


τιμῆς, honored. 
Ιηρ. 


τιμ-ῆς; 
τιμ-ῆντος, 
τιμ-ῆντι, 


᾿ τιμτῆντα, 


τιμ-ἣν, 


Dual. 


. τιμτῆντε, 


τιμτήντοιν, 
Plur. 
τιμ-ῆντες, 
τιμ-ήντων, 
τιμ-ῆσι, 
τιμ-ῆντας, 
τιμ-ῆντες, 


Hood, 
ἥσσης, 
ἤσσῃ, 
ἤσσαν, 
ἤσσα, 


ἣν 
HVTOC 
ἣντι 
ἣν 
ἣν 


ἤσσα, 
ἥσσαιν, 


Ἦντε 
NVTOW 


ἥσσαι, 
ησσῶν, 
ἥσσαις, 
hooac, 
ooat, 


ἥντα 
ήντων 
ῇσι 
ἥντα 
HVTAa 


The syncopated Perf. Part. of ἴστημι, to stand, is declined 
as follows, viz. : 


B2 


34 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


tornpt, to stand. μέλας, black. 

Sing. Sing. 
N. ᾿ἑστ-ὦς, Goa, ὡς Σ μέλτας, awa, ay 
G. ἑστ-ῶτος, ὦσης, Wroc μέλ-ανος, αἰνῆς, ανος 
1). ἑστ-ῶτι, Gon, wre μέλ-ανι, aivy, are 
A. ἑσττῶτα, ὥσαν, ὡς μέλ-ανα, away, av 
Vv. ἑστ-ώς, Goa, we μέλταν, awa, av 

Dual. Dual. 


N. A.V. éor-Gre, woa, wre 
α. 10. ἑστ-ώτοιν, wea, wrow 
Plur. 
EOT-WTEC, ὥσαι, Gra 
EOT-WTWY, ὡσῶν, WTWY 
ἑστ-ῶσι, ὥώσαις, wor 
éoT-WTac, Woac, ὦτα 
ἑστ-ῶτες, Goat, ὦτα 


.«μέλτανε, aiva, ave 
μελ-άνοιν, αίναιν, avow 
Plur. 
péd-avec, aval, ava 
μελ-άνων, αινῶν, ἄνων 
“ , 
μέλ-ασι, aivaic, ace 
μέλ-ανας, aivac, ava 
μέλτανες, aivat, ava 


oP 
<j: 


. 


“ΡΌΟΣ o4% “ΡΩΝ 


<> YOR 


NUMERALS. © 
80. The Cardinal Numbers ite, δύο, rpec, and τέσσᾶρες, 
are declined below. The remainder, as far as a hundred, 
are indeclinable. The numbers above one hundred ‘are 
again declinable like the plural of Adjectives of the First 
and Second Declensions; as, διακόσϊοι---αιτττα, Zico Fhun- 


dred. 
εἷς, one, sing. - δύο, two, dual. ζύο, two, plur. 


Ν. εἷς, μία, ἕν 
Ὁ. ἑνὸς, μιᾶς, ἑνὸς N. A. δύο οὗ δύω ο 6. δυῶν 
D. ἑνὶ, μιᾷ, ἑνὶ ᾿ : 1). δυσί 
A. ἕνα, μίαν, ἕν ᾿ ᾿ς G.D. ζυοῖν or δυεῖν 
τρεῖς, three, plur. τέσσἄρ-ες, four, plur. 
N. τρεῖς, τρία Ν. τέσσἄρ-ες, a 
G. τριῶν G. τεσσάρ-ων 
D. τρισὶ TD. τέσσαρ-σι 
Α. τρεῖς» τρία A. τέσσαρ-ας, a 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

31. The degrees of Comparison are regularly formed by 
adding τερος for the Comparative and_raro¢ for the Super- 
lative to the Positive; as: 

απλους---πλουστερος---απλουστατος 5 
μακαρ--- MAKANTEOOC—— UAKAPTaTOC. 


ETYMOLOGY. 35 


_ Adjectives in og drop ς; and, if the penult is short, length- 
en it; as: 
δίκαιος----δικαιότερος---δικαιότατος ; 
σοφός---σοφψώτερος---σοφώτατος. 
Adjectives in ac, ης; and ve annex repos and τατος to the 
Neuter; as: 
μέλας (Neuter Nas Eee repo neherearon 
ασθένης (Neuter ασθέ pet Ste vdorepodt iebsietrarcé, 
Adjectives in wy and ἣν annex repoc and raroc to the 
Nominative Plural; as: 
σώφρων (Plural ow ppovec)—owppovéarepoc—aoppovéararos 5 
τέρην (τέρενες) -τερενέστερος---τερενέστατος. 
Adjectives in εἰς drop the ε, and those in & change ες of 
the Nominative Plural into tsrepoc—oraroc; as: 
χαρίεις---χαριέστερος---χαριέστατος ; 
βλάξ (Plural βλάκες)----βλακίστερος----βλακίστατος. 
Some Adjectives, ending in ve and ρος, change the ter- 
minations into wy for the Comparative, and into coro for 
the Superlative; as: 
ἡδύς ---οὐδίω ν---- δίστος 5 
ἐχϑρος---ἐχθίων---ἔχθιστος. 
The following Adjectives are compared irregularly, 
Viz..: 


[ ἀμείνων, ἀγαϑώτατος. 

βέλτερος, | βέλτατος. 
dyin: oad βελτίων, βέλτιστος. 
᾿ J at Koad 

κρείττων, κράτιστος. 

«κάῤῥων, 1 


i 
κακώτερος, Σ 
; κάκιστος. 
κακὸς, bad, εἰ Ὶ 
ίρων ; 
pagers. χείριστος. 
χερείων, 
ἥσσων,Ὶ 
? 
yKa, not much, ἥκιστος. 


ev 
l ἥττων, 


36 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


καλὺς, fair, 
μακρὸς, long, 
μέγας, great, 
μικρὸς, small, 
ὀλίγος, few, 
πολὺς, manry, 


ῥᾷδιος, easy, 


τερπνὸς, agreeable, 


φίλος, friendly, 


Ss. sen, ON, 
N. ὁ ἢ) τ Τὸ 
G. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ 
νυ χῷ σῇ ore 
Α. τόν τὴν τό 


33. The Personal Pronouns are ἐγώ, σύ, Ἱ. 


tive 'I 1s obsolete. 


Ὁ. τὸ 

N. ἐγώ 
(Ο. ἐμοῦ, μοῦ 
1). ἐμοί, μοί 
Α. ἐμέ, μέ 
D. (we two) 
N.A. νῶϊ, νῷ 
G.D. νῶϊν, νῷν 
P, (we) 

N. ἡμεῖς 

G. ἡμῶν 

17. ἡμῖν 

Α. ἡμᾶς 


καλλίων, 


μακρότερος, 


ὶ μάσσων, 

μείζων, 

μικρότερος, 

| μείων, 
ὀλίζων, 

| πλέων, 


Ὡ 


πλείων, 
ς 
PEOPs 


{τερπνότερος, 


ὶ τερπνίων, 
( φίλτερος, 
ὶ φιλίων, 


ARTICLE. 
32. The Article 6, the, is declined as follows: 


2). 
N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 


N. 


’ἅ 
TW 


ie 
τά 
ταῖν τοῖν 
ταῖν τοῖν 
τά τώ 


PRONOUNS. 


PERSONAL PRONOUN. 


(thou) 
σύ 
σοῦ 


( you two) 


. σφῶϊ, OG 


σφῶϊν, σφῷν 


(ye, you) 
ὑμεῖς 
ὑμῶν 
ὑμῖν 
ὑμᾶς 


£. 


Ἦν, 
G. 
D. 


A. 


κάλλιστος. 
μακρότατος. 
μήκιστος. 
μέγιστος. 


μεῖστος. 
ὀλίγιστος. 


πλεῖστος. 


ῥᾷστος. 
τερπνότατος. 
τερπνίστος. 
φίλτατος. 
ὀίλιστος. 


MF, ON, 
αἱ τά 
τῶν τῶν 
ταῖς τοῖς 
τάς τά 


The Nomina: 


S. (he, she, it) 
ΩΣ 

G. 08 

Duet 

A. τῈ 

D. (they two) 
N.A. ofwé 

G.D. σφωΐν 

P. (they) 

N. σφεῖς n. σφέα 
G. σφῶν 

D. σφίσι(ν) 

A. σφᾶς τ. ogéa 


ETYMOLOGY. 37 


POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. 


The Possessive Pronouns signify possession. They are 
formed from the Personal Pronouns. They are ἐμός, σός, 
ὅς, ete., and are declined like cogoc. 


REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. . 
These are ἐμαυτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ, ἑαυτοῦ. They have no Nom- 
inative. ‘They are declined as in the oblique cases of 
ἀυτός. 
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. 
The Interrogative Pronoun ric, who? which? what? is 
declined in the following manner: 


Same eI. De MM BN. Pod F: N. 
N. ric τί N. rive N. τίνες τίνα 
G. τίνος, τοῦ τίνος, τοῦ G. τίνοιν G. τίνων τίνων 
1). τίνι, τῷ τίνι, τῷ 17). τίνοιν D. τίσι(ν) τίσι(ν) 
Α. τίνα τί Α. τίνε Α. τίνας τίνα 


INDEFINITE PRONOUN. 


The Indefinite Pronoun τὶς (grave accent), any, certain, 
some, is declined as follows: 


Oi ME. N. “Ds: Me BON, P.M. F. N. 

N. τὶς τὶ N. τινὲ N. τινὲς τινὰ 

G. τινὸς, τοῦ τινὸς, τοῦ 6. τινοῖν G. τινῶν τινῶν 

1). τινὶ, τῷ τινὶ, τῷ 1). τινοῖν 1). τισὶ(») τισὶ(ν) 
A. Tia τὶ A. τινὲ ἡ Α. τινὰς τινὰ, ἄσσα 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 
The Demonstrative Pronouns are ὅδε; οὗτος, and ἐκεῖνος. 
"Ode is simply the Article with the inseparable particle 
δὲ. Thus, ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, G. τοῦδε, τῆσδε. 
Οὗτος is declined as follows: 


S. IM. (this) 1. (this) N. (this) 
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο 
G. τούτου ταύτης τούτον 
1). τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ 


A. τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο 


98 


ῬΞΩΣ 


GREEK GRAMMAR 


D. (these two) 
N. Α. τούτω 
α. D. τούτοιν 
FP; (these) 
N. οὗτοι 
G. τούτων 
D. τούτοις 
A. τούτους 

Me i CN ἣν N. 
00s ἥδε τόδε 
τοῦδε τῆσδε τοῦδε 
τῷδε τῇδε τῷδε 
τόνδε τήνδε τοδε 

N. A. τώδε 


G. D. τοῖνδε 


FOR BEGINNERS. 


(these two) 


ravTa 
ravraw 
(these) 
αὗται 
τούτων 
ταύταις 
ταύτας 


POURQA 


τἄδε 
ταῖνδε 


(these two) 


τούτω 
τούτοιν 
(these) 
ταῦτα 
τούτων 
τούτοις 
ταῦτα 
M. (this) F. N. 
οἵδε αἵδε τἄδε 
τῶνδε τῶνδε τωνδὲε 
τοῖσδε ταῖσδε τοισδε 
τούσδε τἄσδε τάδε 
τώδε 
τοῖνδε 


RELATIVE PRONOUN. 


1. The Relative Pronoun ὅς, who, which, that, is declined. 


as follows: 


S. M. F. N. 
N. 6¢ ὦ ἢ 
G. οὗ ἧς οὗ 
1. ᾧ ὁ ᾧ 
A. ὃν ἣν ὃ 


2. The Relative ὅστις, whoever, 
and the Indefinite Pronoun τὶς, which are separately de- 


clined. Thus: 

M. | 
ὕστις ; 
οὗτινος, ὕτου 
. τινι, ὅτῳ 

. ὕντινα 


. οἵτινες 
. ὧντινων, ὕτων 
1). 


. οὕστινας 


AAy PYAAR 


b> 


οἷστισι(ν), ὕτοισι(ν) 


PUSS 


aa er “ 
Ὧν Εν, ies 
οἷν αἷν 
οἷν αἷν 

ida er ‘7 
ὥ & 


F. 

‘eo? 

ἢτις 
ἧστινος 
ἡτινι 
ἥντινα 


αἵτινες 
ὧντινων 


αἷστισι(ν) 


ἅστινας 


PUSAN 


ove de ἅ 


who, is compounded of ὅς 


N. 

OTL 

οὗτινος, ὅτου 
ᾧτινι, ὅτῳ 

ὃ τι 


ἅτινα; (ττα 
ὧντινων, OTWY 
οἷστισι(ν), ὕτοισι(ν) 
ἅτινα, ἅττα 


INTENSIVE PRONOUN. 


The Intensive Pronoun ἀντός has three different mean- 


INGs, VIZ. : 


ETYMOLOGY. - 99 


1. In the Nominative Case always, and in the Oblique 
Cases when it stands first in the sentence, ἀυτός has the 
force of the English self ; \as,’"Eya ἀυτός, 7 myself. 

2. In the Oblique Cases, when το the first word in the 
clause, it means him, her, it, ete. 

3. With the Article before it, it always means the same ; 
as, ὁ ἀυτὸς δόυλος, the same slave. It is declined as follows: 


Singular. Dual. Plural. 
N. αὐτ-ός -ῇ τό N. A N. atr-oi -αἰ -a 
G. avr-ov -ἧς -οὗ auT-@ -a@ -W G. αὐτ-ῶν -Gy -éy 
D. αὐττῷ -ἢ τῷ σα. Ὁ. Ὁ. avr-oic -aic -εἴΣ 
A. αὐτ-όν -ἦν -ὁ αὐτ-οἷν -αἷν -oty A. αὐτ-ούς -ἄἀς -a 


In the same manner are declined: 


ἄλλος ἄλλη ἄλλο another 

er er Lad 7 * 
ὕς i 0 who, which 
ἐκεῖνος ἐκείνη ἐκεῖχ ο that 


RECIPROCAL PRONOUN. 


The Reciprocal Pronoun ἀλλήλων, of one another, 1s thus 
declined : 


MM. 


F 


N. 


D. ; : . 

α. ἀλλήλοιν ἀλλήλαιν ἀλλήλοιν 

Ὁ. - ἀλλήλοιν ἀλλήλαιν ἀχλήλοιν 

Α. ἀλλήλω ἀλλήλα ἀλλήλω 

1 

G. ἀλλήλων ἀλλήλων ἀλλήλων 

1). ἀλλήλοις ἀλλήλαις ἀλλήλοις 

Α. ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλας ἄλληλα 
THE VERB. 


84, Greek Verbs are either Transitive or Intransitive. 
A Transitive Verb denotes something done by an agent 
upon an object; as, ἔγραψα ἐπιστολην, .1 wrote a letter. An 
TIntransitive Verb denotes an action or state not necessa- 
rily requiring an object; as, φεύγω, L flee. 


40 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


VOICES, 
I. 

There are three Voices: the Active, the Passive, and the 
Middle. : 

The Active Voice represents the agent as acting upon 
an object; as, τύπτω σε, I strike you. 

The Passive Voice represents the subject as being acted 
upon by some person or thing; as, τύπτομαι, J am struck. 

The Middle Voice represents the agent (1) as acting 
upon itself; as, Active, Aobw, J wash; Middle, λούομαι, I 
wash myself, i. e., I bathe—(2) as acting for its own ad- 
vantage ; as, Active, παρασκευάζω, 7 provide ; Middle, πα- 
ρασκευάζομαι, L provide for my own use—(8) as causing 
something to be done for its own advantage; as, Active, 
παρατίθημι την τράπεζαν, L set forth the table; Middle, παρα- 
τίθεμαι την τράπεζαν, 7 cause the table to be set forth before 
me. 


‘MOODS. 
ΤΙ. | 

There are five Moods: the Indicative, the Subjunctive, 
the Optative, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 

The Indicative represents that which actually is or oc- 
curs; as, τύπτει, he strikes. 

The Subjunctive represents a possibility or conception 
of the mind; as, βουλεύῃ. he may advise. 

The Optative represents a wish, and is also used as the 
Subjunctive of the Past Tenses; as, τύπτοι, let him strike, 
or, he might strike. 

The Imperative represents a command, exhortation, or 
entreaty 5 as, τύπτε, strike thou. 

The Infinitive represents simply the meaning of the 
Verb, without limitation of person or number; as, τύπτειν, 
to strike. 


ETYMOLOGY. 41 


TENSES. 
11. 


There are six Tenses: the Present, the Imperfect, the 
Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Aorist 

The Present, Perfect, and Future are called Primary 
Tenses. The Imperfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist are called 
Historical Tenses. 

The Present Tense represents an action as now taking 
place; as, τύπτω, I strike. 

The Future Tense represents an action which wid take 
place ; as, τύψει, he will strike. In the Passive Voice two 
forms occur: the First Future and the Second Future. 

The Imperfect Tense represents an action which was 
taking place and was not completed in some past time ; 
as, ἔτυπτον, I was striking. 

The Aorist Tense (ἀόριστος, indefinite) represents a past 
action as simply done, without reference to the time of its 
completion ; as, ἔτυψα, 7 struck. This tense has two forms, 
known as the First and Second Aorist, which do not differ 
in meaning, and are not both found in the same Verb. 

The Perfect Tense represents an action as complete at 
the present time; as, τετυφα, 1 have struck. Of this tense 
also, as well as of the Pluperfect, two forms, the First and 
the Second, exist. 

The Pluperfect Tense represents an action as complete 
at some past time; as, ἐτετύφειν, 1 had struck. 


PERSONS. 
EY: 


There are three Persons, First, Second, and Third. 
There is no separate form for the First Person Dual in 
the Active Voice._ It is expressed by the form of the First 
Person Plural. | 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


42 


Soasnounst 
Soamnppat 
Soasnoz uns 
Soaznopas 


Soasnnas2s 


Soasnosuis 


IIFLAL 
SRgpas 
Soasnopas.s 
Soasnootuas 
Soasrloolegas 


Soasnirlaszs 


Joasnosuans 


AMLAL 
ὅρη. 
AMIR ΣΙΝ 
AMpQt 


IMUNLIL 
δωῴη..3. 


ΓΕ 
'ἋἸΘΙΟΙΙΕΙΥΙ 


MEROZUNAL NOMAL 
MEODPAL MmpQt 
WMLOINAL 

IMLOIPQL 

MEPALIL OpPnt3t 
IMLOPLUAL QOLLAL 

΄ é 
γραία. IGUAL 
malgpat Itlgdas 
IWLOIPNLIL 
wgo30UuAL 
mgoz0legat 

IDEPALIL opaszs 

IMLOZLNAL NOLLAL 

4 4 

AIZNAL IU AL 

mat aopas 
A133LAL 
anzpas 

MAZLALIL SUALIL 

maszhas3t ϑῴη.:9. 

ARLUAL PLUS 

*"TAILINIANT "TAILVUTANT 


‘ays J m1uet GUAA AHL AO ATAVL TVOMLGONAS 


Alinhouns 
alinlinpas 
aliniozzas 
alirhopas 


alnz Soasnraszs 


Alirhosuas 


‘HOIOA DIACGIN 
AlN LAL 
aluzgegas 

Alirhopasze 
αἰιηγορίμνη., 
alirhoolggdas 


alnz Soasnnasz.s 


alin 10LLAL 


‘HOIOA DAISSVd 
mount 
minpas 

ΟΣ ΤΣ 
mropas 


mMiowns22 
miogatzs 


a 1OLLAL 
*HAILVLAO 


‘HOIOA HALLOW 


. 
> 


4) ϑοκϑηγίη.13. 


mn MLu AL 


MLNAL 
‘TAILONO LANG 


Alilouas3 
alilypas3 
4 ἐ 
mnozuAt 
mHonans 

͵ 
alirlrlasz.e 
mnnas34 
aunosuas? 
10 0.1. Rt 


alu nt? 
aught} 
mnopat3s 
mmnooluas 
mmnoolgdas 
Aliiins223 
mn rates 
Alinosuass 
mnoLLas 


AOL ALI 
D/pat 3 
M2uaL 

Opas 
ABLALIL3 
413001323 

4 ‘ 

DLALIL 
γῴη. 3. 
A0LU0L3 
MLUAL 
‘SAILVOIUNT 


G ISLIOY" 
T BHOV 
[5 omg 
T o1ngny 
qoojaoday t 
2091194 
qooj.iodury 
queso. 


6 BLOV 
1 JsSLOy 
48. 910} 1 
4 91njn 7 
T 91min 7 
409} 941] 
4Φ09}.19.1 
qooprodury 
4059 101 


GQ ἽΞτπιον 
I 215ὸν 

{5 dango 

Τ 912} iy 

g Ἰ99μοά 6 
1 oojsodny 
6 9694 

T Ἰ990μ94 
409} 19 Π|} 
queso. J 


"ee 


36. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


- TABLE OF INFLECTIONS. 


ACTIVE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense. J strike. 


τύπτω, τύπτεις, 
LT strike. thou strikest. 
TUNTETOY, 
you two strike. 
τύπτομεν, τύπτετε, 


we strike. you strike. 


Imperfect. Iwas striking. 


ἔτυπτον ἔτυπτες 
ἐτύπτετον 
ἐτύπτομεν ἐτύπτετε 
Perfect 1. 7 have struck. 
τέτῦὔφα τέτυφας 
TETUHATOV 
τετὐφᾶμεν τετύφατε 
Perfect 2. 7 have struck. 
τίτῦπα τέτυπας 
TéETUTATOV 
τετύπᾶμεν τετύπατε 


Pluperfect 1. 17] had struck. 


? “ ? , 

ETETUDELY ETETUPELC 
ἐτετύφειτον 

ἐτετύφειμεν ἐτετύφειτε 


Pluperfect 2. 17] had struck. 


&TETUTELV ἐτετύπεις 
ἐτετύπειτον 
ἐτετύπειμεν ἐτετύπειτ 


Future 1. 7 shall strike. 


τύψω τύψεις 

τύψετον 
4 
τύψομεν τύψετε 
Future 2. 7 shall strike.t 

τυπῶ τυπεῖς 
τυπεῖτον 

τυποῦμεν τυπεῖτε 


48 


τύπτει, 

he strikes. 
τύπτετον, 

they two strike. 


τύπτουσι, 


they strike. 


ἔτυπτε 
ἐτυπτέτην 
ἔτυπτον 


μ 
TETUDE 
, 
TETUPATOV 
τετύφᾶσι 


τέτυπε 
τετύπατον 
τετύπᾶσι 


ἐτετύφει 
ἐτετυφείτην 
ἐτετύφεισαν 


ἐτετύπει 
ἐτετυπέιτην 
ἐτετύπεισαν 


τύψει 
τύψετον 
τύψουσι 


τυπεῖ 
τυπεῖτον 
τυποῦσι 


4 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


Aorist 1. I struck. Ξ 
5. ἔτυψα ἔτυψας ἔτυψε 
D. iri Warov ἐτυψάτην 
PP. ἐτύψᾶμεν ἐτύψατε ἔτυψαν 
Aorist 2. I struck. 
S. ἔτῦὕπον ἔτυπες ἔτυπε 
D. ἐτύπετον ἐτυπέτην 
P. ἐτύπομεν ἐτύπετε ἔτυπον 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, 
Present. J may strike. 


S. τύπτω τύπτῃς τύπτῃ 
1. τύπτητον τύπτητον 
PP. τύπτωμεν τύπτητε τύπτωσι 


Perfect 1. Lmay have struck. 


S. τετὔφω TETUPYC τετύφῃ 
1. τετύφητον τετύφητο, 
ἽΡ, τετύφωμεν τετύφητε τετύφωσι 


Perfect 2. I may have struck. 


5, τετύὕπω τετύπῃς τετυπῇ 
D. | TETUTNTOV TETUTNTOV 
P. τετύπωμεν TETUTNTE τετύπωσι 


Aorist 1. I may strike. 


S. ribo τύψῃς Ὁ τ φύψῃ 

1), τύψητον τύψητον 

Ῥ. τύψωμεν τύψητε τύψωσι 
Aorist 2, I may strike. 

8. τύπω τύπῃς τύπῃ 

D. τύπητον τύπητον 

P. τύπωμεν | τύπητε τύπωσι 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Present. I might, could, would, or should strike. 


S. τύπτοιμι TUTTOLC τύπτοι 
D. τύπτοιτον τυπτοίτην 
Ῥ. τύπτοιμεν τύπτοιτε τύπτοιεν 


Perfect 1. Z might, could, would, or should have struck. 
5. τετύφοιμι τετύφοις τετύφοι 
=>. TETUPOLTOV τετυφοίτην 
Ῥ, τετύφοιμεν τετύφοιτε τετύφοιεν 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Perfect 2. I might, could, would, or should have struck. 


S. τετύποιμι τετύποις τετύποι 
D. TETUTOLTOV τετυπόιτην 
PP. τετύποιμεν τετύποιτε τετύποιεν 


Future 1. 7 should or would strike. 


5. τύψοιμι τύψοις τύψοι 
D. τύψοιτον τυψοίτην 
Ῥ, τύψοιμεν τίψοιτε τύψοιεν 


Future 2. I might, could, would, or should hereafter strike.t 


S. τυποῖμι τυποῖς τυποὶ 
1. τυποῖτον τυποίτην 
Ῥ, τυποῖμεν τυποῖτε τυποῖεν 


Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should strike. 


5... τύψαιμι τύψαις τύψαι 
D. τύψαιτον τυψαίτην 
Ῥ. τύψαιμεν τύψαιτε τύψαιεν 


Aorist 2. I might, could, would, or should strike. 


5, τύποιμι τύποις τύποι 
D. TUTOLTOY τυποίτην 
P. τύποιμεν τύποιτε τύποιεν 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Present. Sirikce. 


S. τύπτε TUTNTETW 

D. τύπτετον τυπτέτων 

Ῥ. τύπτετε . τυπτέτωσαν 
Perfect 1. Have struck. 

S. réervge TETUGETW 

17). τετύφετον τετυφέτων 

Ῥ, τετύφετε τετυφέτωσαν 


Perfect 2. [Have struck. 


S. τέτῦπε TETUTETW 
Τὴ. τετύπετον τετυπέτων 
Ῥ. τετύπετε τετυπέτωσαν 


Aorist 1. Strike. 
S. τύψον τυψάτω 
1). τύὐψᾶτον τυψάτων 
P. τυὐψᾶτε τυψάτωσαν 


45 


40 


G. 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


Aorist 2. Strike. 


τυπέτω 
τυπέτων 
τυπέτωσαν 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


S. rue 

D. τύπετον 

PRP. τύπετε 
Present. 


τύπτειν, to strike, to be striking. 
Perfect 1. τετυφέναι, to have struck. 
Perfect 2. τετυπέναι, to have struck. 


TURTOV 
τύπτοντος, etc. 


A 
TETUPOG 
τετυφότος 


τετυπός 
τετυπότος 


τύψον 
τύψοντος 


TUTOUY 
TUTOUVYTOC 


rowar 
τύψαντος 


τυπὸν 
τυπόντος 


Future 1. τύψειν, to be about to strike, 
Future 2, τυπξίν, to be about to strike.t 
Aorist 1. τύψαι, to strike. 
Aorist 2. ruaciy, to strike. 
PARTICIPLES. 
Present. Striking. 
τύπτων τύπτουσα 
τύπτοντος τυπτούσης 
Perfect 1. Having struck. 
TETUGWC τετυφυῖα 
τετυφύότος τετυφυίας 
Perfect 2, Iaving struck. 
TETUTWC τετυπύια 
᾿τετυπότος τετυπύιας 
Future 1. Going to strike. 
τύψων τύψουσα 
τύψοντος τυψούσης 
Future 2. Going to strike.t 
τυπῶν τυποῦσα 
τυπόύντος TUTOVONC 
Aorist 1. Having struck. 
Tupac τυψᾶσα 
τύψαντος τυψάσης 
Aorist 2. Having struck. 
TUTWY τυποῦσα 
τυπόντος τυπούσης 


ETYMOLOGY. 


PASSIVE VOICE, 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present. J am struck. 


TUNTETAL 
τύπτεσϑον 


47 


τύπτομαι τύπτῃ OY -πτει 
τυπτόμεϑον τύπτεσϑον 
τυπτόμεϑα τύπτεσϑε 
Imperfect. was struck. 
ἐτυπτόμην ἐτύπτου 
ἐτυπτόμεϑον ἐτύπτεσϑον 
ἐτυπτόμεϑα ἐτύπτεσϑε 
Perfect. L have been struck. 
τέτυμμαι τέτυψαι 
τετύμμεϑον τέτυφϑον 
τετύμμεϑα τέτυφϑε 
Pluperfect. I had been struck. 
ἐτετύμμην ἐτέτυψο 
ἐτετύμμεϑον ἐτέτυφϑον 
ἐτετύμμεϑα ἐτέτυφϑε 


Future 1. J shall or will be struck. 


τυφϑήσομαι τυφϑήσῃ OY -σει 
τυφϑησόμεϑον τυφϑήσεσϑον 
τυφϑησόμεϑα τυφϑήσεσϑε 
Future 2, 7 shall be struck. 
τυπήσομαι τυπήσῃ 
τυπησόμεϑον τυπήσεσϑον 
τυπησόμεϑα τυπήσεσϑε 
Future 3. I shall be struck. 
τετύψομαι τετύψῃ 
τετυψόμεϑον τετύψεσϑον 
τετυψόμεϑα τετύψεσϑε 
Aorist 1. 7 was struck. 
ἐτύφϑην ἐτύφϑης 
ee ἐτύφϑητον 
ἐτύφϑημεν ἐτύφϑητε 
Aorist 2, I was struck. 
ἐτύπην ἐτύπης 
ἐτύπητον 
ἐτύπημεν ἐτύπητε 


τύπτονται 


ἐτύπτετο 
ἐτυπτέσϑην 
ἐτύπτοντο 


τέτυπται 
τέτυφϑον 
τετυμμένοι εἰσέ 


ἐτέτυπτο 
ἐτετύφϑην 
τετυμμένοι ἦσαν 


τυφϑήσεται 
τυφϑήσεσθον 
τυφϑήσονται 


τυπήσεται 
τυπήσεσϑον 
τυπήσονται 


τετύψεται 
τετύψεσϑον 
τετύψονται 


ἐτύφϑη 
ἐτυφϑήτην 
ἐτυφϑησαν 


4 , 

ἐτύπη 
ἐτυπήτην 
ἐτύπησαν 


48 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. I am struck, I may or can be struck. 


5, τύπτωμαι τύπτῃ τύπτηται 
D. τυπτώμεϑον τύπτησϑον | τύπτησϑον 
Ῥ. τυπτώμεϑα τύπτησϑε ᾿ς τύπτωνται 


Perfect. I have been struck, I may have been struck. 


S. τετυμμένος (η, ov), ὦ, ἧς, ἢ. 
7). τετυμμένω (a, w), ὦμεν, TOY, ἥτον. 
P. τετυμμένοι (αι, a), ὦμεν, ἥτε, ὥσι(ν). 


Aorist 1. Zam struck, I may or can be struck. 


S. τυφϑῶ τυφϑῃς τυφϑῇ 
1. —— τυφϑῆτον τυφϑῆτον 
PP. τυφϑῶμεν τυφϑῆτε τυφϑῶσι(ν) 


Aorist 2. I may be struck. 


5. τυπῶ TUTYC τυπῇ 
7. τυπῆτον τυπῆτον 
P. τυπῶμεν τυπῆτε τυπῶσι 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Present. I might, could, would, or should be struck. 


S. τυπτοίμην | TUTTOLO TUNTOLTO 
1). τυπτοίμεϑον τύπτοισϑον τυπτοίσϑην 
RP. τυπτοίμεϑα τὕπτοισϑε ᾿ς τύπτοιντο 


Perfect. I might, etc., have been struck. 

4 ΄ ” ἢ ” 
S. τετυμμένος (η, ov), εἴην, εἴης; εἴη. 
D. τετυμμένω (a, w), εἴημεν, εἴητον, εἰήτην. 
P. τετυμμένοι (αι, a), εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν. 


Future 1. Z should or would be struck. 


S. τυφϑησοίμην τυφϑήσοιο τυφϑήσοιτο 

D. τυφϑησοίμεϑον τυφϑήσοισϑον τυφπϑησοίσϑην 

Ῥ. τυφϑησοίμεϑα τυφϑήσοισϑε τυφϑήσοιντο 
Future 2. I might, ete., hereafter be struck. 

8S. τυπησοίμην τυπήσοιο τυπήσοιτο 

7). τυπησοίμεϑον τυπήσοισϑον τυπησοίσϑην 

P. τυπησοίμεϑα τυπήσοισϑε τυπήσοιντο 


ὁ ag 


ETYMOLOGY. 49 


Future 3. 7 should or would remain struck. 


τετυψοίμην τετύψοιο τετύψοιτο 
τετυψοίμεϑον — τετύψοισϑον τετυψοίσϑην 
τετυψοίμεϑα τετύψοισϑε τετύψοιντο 
Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should be struck. 
τυφϑείην τυφϑείης τυφϑείη 
τυφϑείητον τυφϑειήτην 


τυφϑείημεν or -εῖἴμεν τυφϑείητε or -εἴτε τυφϑείησαν or -tiev 


Aorist 2, I might, etc., be struck. 


5. rumeinv τυπείης τυπείη 
Σ ὃ τυπείητον - φυπειήτην 
P.. τυπείημεν τυπείητε τυπείησαν 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Present. Be thou struck. 


τύπτου ᾿ τυπτέσϑω 
τύπτεσϑον τυπτέσϑων 
τύπτεσϑε τυπτέσϑωσαν or -σϑων 


Perfect. Be thou struck. 


PEL EL PE 


τέτυψο ᾿ τετύφϑω 
τέτυφϑον τετύφϑων 
τέτυφϑε τετύφϑωσαν OF -φϑων 
Aorist 1. Be thou struck. 
τύφϑητι τυφϑήτω 
τύφϑητον τυφϑήτων | 
TUPINTE τυφϑήτωσαν or -φϑέντων 
Aorist 2. Be struck. 
5. τύπηϑι τυπήτω 
Ὁ. τύπητον τυπήτων 
P. τύπητε τυπήτωσαν or -ἔντων 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 
' Present. τύπτεσϑαι, to be struck. 

Perfect. rervgSat, to have been siruck. 
Future 1. τυφϑήσεσϑαι, to be about to be struck.’ 
Future 2. τυπήσεσϑαι, to be about to be struck. 

_ Future 3. τετύψεσϑαι, to remain struck. 
Aorist 1. τυφϑῆναι, to be struck. 
Aorist 2. τυπῆναι, to be struck. 


δ Bre pth 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


PARTICIPLE. 


Present. τυπτόμενος, ἡ, ov, being struck. 

Perfect. τετυμμένος, ἡ, ov, struck, having been struck. 
Future 1. τυφϑησόμενος, ἢ, ov, about to be struck. 
Future 2. τυπησόμενος, n, ov, about to be struck. 
Future 3. τετυψόμενος, about to remain struck. 

Aorist 1. τυφϑείς, tioa, ἕν, being struck. 

Aorist 2. τυπείς, εἴσα, ἐν, being struck. 


MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense. 7 strike myself: 


τύπτομαι ᾿ς τύπτῃ τύπτεται 
τυπτόμεϑον τύπτεσϑον τύπτεσϑον 
τυπτόμεϑα τύπτεσϑε τύπτονταιε 


Imperfect. I was striking myself. 


ἐτυπτόμην ἐτύπτου ἐτύπτετο 
ἐτυπτόμεϑον ἐτύπτεσϑον ᾿ς ἐτυπτέσϑην 
ἐτυπτόμεϑα ἐτύπτεσϑε ἐτύπτοντο 


Perfect. I have struck myself. 


τέτυμμαι τέτυψαι τέτυπται 
τετύμμεϑον τέτυφϑον τέτυφϑον 
τετύμμεϑα τέτυφϑε τετυμμένοι εἰσέ 


Pluperfect. I had struck myself. 


ἐτετύμμην ἐτέτυψο ἐτέτυπτο 
ἐτετύμμεδον ἐτέτυφϑον ἐτετύφϑην 
ἐτετύμμεϑα ἐτέτυφϑε τετυμμένοι ἦσαν 


Future 1. I shall strike myself. 


τύψομαι Toy rowerat 
τυψόμεθον τύψεσθον τύψεσθον 
τυψόμεθα τύψεσθε τύψονται 
Future 2. I shall strike myself.t 

τυποῦμαι τυπῇ τυπεῖται 

᾿ τυπούμεϑον τυπεῖσϑον τυπεῖσσον 
τυπούμεϑα τυπεῖσϑε τυποῦνται 

Aorist 1. I struck myself. 

ἐτυψαμην ἐτύψω ἐτύψᾶτο 
ἐτυψάμεϑον ἐτύψασϑον ἐτυψάσϑην 


ἐτυψάμεϑα ᾿ ἐτύψασϑε ἐτύψαντο 


ETYMOLOGY. 51 


Aorist 2. I struck myself. 


5. ἐτυπόμην ἐτύπου ἐτύπετο 
D. ἐτύπομεθον ἐτύπεσθον ἐτυπέσθην 
P. ἐτύπομεθα ἐτύπεσθε ἐτύποντο 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. I strike, I may or can strike, myself. 


5. τύπτωμαι τύπτῃ τύπτηται 
Ὦ. τυπτώμεϑον τύπτησϑον τύπτησϑον 
Ῥ, τυπτώμεϑα τύπτησϑε τύπτωνται 


Perfect. I may have struck myself. 


f τ τ * 

S. τετυμμένος ὦ ye, Ys 
D. τετυμμένω, NTOY, ἦτον, 
P. τετυμμένοι ὧμεν, ἦτε, ὦσι. 


Aorist 1. I may strike myself. 


5. τύψωμαι τύψῃ τύψηται 

D. τυψώμεθον τύψησθον τύψησθον 

P. τυψώμεθα τύψησθε τυψωνται 
τς Ἀογδέ 2, 7 struck myself. 

5. τύπωμαι τύπῃ τύπηται 

D. τύὐύπωμεθον τύπησθὸν τύπησθον 

P. τυπώμεθα τύπησθε τύπωνται 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Present. I might strike myself. 


5. τυπτοίμην τύπτοιο τύπτοιτο 
15. τυπτοίμεϑον τύπτοισϑον τυπτοίσϑην 
Ῥ, τυπτοίμεϑα TUNTOLOVE τύπτοιντο 


Perfect. I might have struck myself. 


S. τετυμμένος εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, 
: 1). τετυμμένω, εἴητον, εἰήτην, 
Ῥ. τετυμμένοι εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν. 


_ Future 1. 7 should strike myself. 


5. τυὐψοιμὴην τύψοιο τύψοιτο 
D. τυψόιμεθον τύψοισθον τυψόισθην 
P. τυψόιμεθα © τύψοισθε τύψοιντο 


52 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


Future 2. I should strike myself.t 


5. τυποίμην τυποίο τύποιτο 
D. τυποίμεθον τύποισθον τυποίσθην 
Ῥ. τυποίμεθα τ τύποισθε ᾿ς τύποιντο 


Aorist 1. I might, etc., strike myself. 


5. τυψαίμην τύψαιο © τύψαιτο 
D. τυψαίμεϑον τύψαισϑον τυψαΐσϑην 
P. τυψαίμεϑα τύψαισϑε τύψαιντο. 
Aorist 2. I might, etc., strike myself. 
S. τυποίμην τύποιο _ τύποιτο 
D. τυποίμεθον τύποισθον τυποίσθην ἢ 
Ῥ. τυποΐμεθα ᾿ τύποισθε τύποιντο 
IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Present. Strike thyself. 
S. τύπτου τυπτέσϑω 
1). -τύπτεσϑον τυπτέσϑων 
PR. τύπτεσϑε τυπτέσϑωσαν. or τυπτέσθων 
Perfect. Have been struck. 
5. τέτυψο τετύφϑω 
D. τέτυφϑον τετύφϑων ; 
Ῥ, τέτυφϑε τετύφϑωσαν οὐ τετύφϑων 
Aorist 1. Strike. 
5. τύψαι τυψάσϑω 
D. τύψασϑον τυψάσϑων 
P. τύψασϑε _ συψάσϑωσαν or τυψάσϑων 
Aorist 2. Strike. 
S. τύπου τυπέσϑω 
1). τύπεσϑον τυπέσϑων - 
Ῥ, τύπεσϑε τυπέσϑωσαν or rien 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


Present. τύπτεσϑαι, to strike one’s self. 

Perfect. τετύφϑαι, to have struck one’s self. 

Future 1, τύψεσθϑαι, to be about to strike one’s self. - 

Future 2. τυπέεσϑαι, contracted τυπεῖσϑαι, to be about to strike one’s self. 
Aorist 1. τύψασϑαι, to strike one’s self. 

Aorist 2. τυπέσϑαι, to strike one’s self. 


ETYMOLOGY. 53 


PARTICIPLE. 


Present. τυπτόμενος, n, ov, striking himself. 

Perfect. reruppévoc, ἡ; ov, having struck himself. 

Future: 1. τυψόμενος, n, ov, about to strike himself. 

Future 2. rumedpevoc, contr. τυπούμενος, ἡ, ov, about to strike one’s self. * 
Aorist 1. τυψάμενος, n, ov, striking or having struck himself. 

Aorist 2. τυπόμενος, ἡ, ov, striking or having struck himself. 


[Notr.—Grammarians have assumed a second future in the Active as well as in 
the Passive and Middle Voices. We have given these in the paradigms, marking 
them with an obelisk (t). But no such forms actually exist in this voice.] 


37. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
I. 
AUGMENT. 


The Imperfect and Aorists of the Indicative Mood, and 
the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Third Future of all of the 
Moods, receive an increase at the beginning, whichtis 
called Augment. 

Of this Augment there are two species, known as the 
Syllabic Augment and as the Temporal Augment. The 
Syballic Augment consists of a syllable or syllables pre- 
fixed to the Verb. The Temporal Augment is formed by 
lengthening the first syllable of the Verb. Τὴ most Verbs 
which begin with a Consonant, the Syllabic Augment is 
used in the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses, and it is formed 
by prefixing ε to the Root ; as, riarw—Imperfect, ἔτυπτον. 

In Verbs which begin with a Vowel, the Temporal Aug- 
ment is used in all of the Past Tenses, and it is formed by 
lengthening the initial Vowel if it be short, or by leaving 
it unchanged if it be long. The Temporal Augment 
lengthens a and ε into n, and o into ὦ ; as, ¢éw—Imperfect, 
ἤδον. 


REDUPLICATION. 
In the. Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Third Future, 
Verbs which hewn with a Consonant repeat this Come 
nant before the ΓΑ ΜῊΝ Augment, and such repetition is 


δ4 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


called Reduplication. In the Pluperfect the Syllabic Aug- 
ment is repeated before the Reduplication ; as, 


ruxrw—Perfect, 7—-e-rvpa—P luperfect, E—T—E-TUGELY. 


COMPOUND VERBS. 
Verbs compounded with a Preposition take their Aug- 
ment between the Preposition and the Verb; as, 
rpoorypaow—Imperfect, προσέγραφον. 


11. 
THE ROOT. | 

The Root of a Verb is composed of those letters which 
undergo no change in inflection throughout every part of 
the Verb. 

The Characteristic of a Verb is the last letter of the 
Root. 

In regular Verbs, the Characteristic is the letter which 
immediately precedes the termination of the Present 
Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice; as, y in λέγω. In 
many instances, however, the Root is modified by the in- 
terposition of a letter or letters before the termination ; 
as, τ in τύπτω, where the Root is τυπ. 

Commonly the Root may be found by striking off from 
the Present Indicative Active the letters which follow the 
Characteristic. The remainder will be the Root, either 
unchanged or as modified by the rules of Euphony; as, 


Aéyw—Characteristic, y—Root, rey. 
rurrw—Characteristic, s—Root, ruz. 


Verbs are Pure, Mute, or Liquid, according as the Char- 
acteristic is a Vowel, a Mute, or a Liquid; as, 


7w—Characteristic, i—is a Pure Verb; 
Aeimnw—Characteristic, s—is a Mute Verb; 
oreiow—Characteristic, p—is a Liquid Verb. 


ETYMOLOGY. 55 


SECONDARY ROOT. 


In the Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorist, and Future Tenses, 
the Root is found to be, in some Verbs, a shortened form. 
These Tenses, when formed from this shortened Root, are 
called the 

Second Perfect, 
Second Pluperfect, 
Second Aorist, 
Second Future. 


These are πού distinct Tenses, but merely different forms 
of the same Tense. The shortened root ts found in the 
Lexicon, and the Tenses are formed by adding their re- 
spective terminations to it, as exhibited in the Second 
Aorist Active and in the Second Perfect Active. 


IIT. 
SPECIAL RULES FOR FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 


ACTIVE VOICE. 


Present, Add -w to the strengthened Root if it be 
strengthened ; as, λεέπ--ω. 

Imperfect. Augment and add --ον to the Root; as, λείπ-- 
w3 ἔπλειπ--ον. 

1st Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and. add -ἁ to the 
Root if the Gigractapinticns is a Labial or a Palatal; add 
—«a in all other cases; as, Aeir—w ; λέτλειπ--ἁ -ελέλειφα (6, R. 
16). 

2d Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add πα to the 
modified Root, as found in the Lexicon; as, λεέπ-τω " dour ; 
λέ-λοιπ--α. 

1st Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
ment, and —év to the Root, if the Characteristic is a Labial 
or a Palatal; add --κεὶν in all other cases; as, λεέπ-τω ; ἐλε- 
λείφειν (6, R. 16). | 


56 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR- BEGINNERS. 


2d Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
ment,.and add —eyv to the modified Root as found in the 
2d Perfect; as, λείπ-τω ; our; ἐλελοίπειν. 

1st Fens Ada —ow to the Root; as, λειπ-τ-ω ; λῶν iene 
λείψω (6, R. δ). 

2d Future. Add --εω, contracted ὥ, to the shortened Root 
as found in the Second Aorist; as, λείπ-τω; der; λίπῶ.ἢ 

1st Aorist. Augment and add —oa to the Root; as, λείπ-- 
ω; ελειπ--σαΞεἔλειψα (6, R. δ). 

2d Aorist. Augment and add --ον to the shortened Root 
as found in the Lexicon ; as, λείπω; λιπ; ἔλιπον. 


PASSIVE VOICE. 

Present. Add -owa to the strengthened Root, if it be 
strengthened ; as, λεέπ--ω ; λείπ--ομαι. 

Imperfect. ἜΡΗΜΟ and add -ouny to the Root; as, 
λειπ-τω: ἐ-λειπ--ὀμην. 

Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -μαι to the 
Root; as, λείπ--ω ; λέπτλειπ--μαιΞελέλειμμαι (6, R. 2). 

Phibor feet. ἜΑΡ , Reduplicate, repeat the Augment, 
and add --μην to the Root; as, λείπ--ω ; tasting εαξορε εὐ 
λείμμην (6, R. 2). 

lst Future. Add —Onoopa to the Root; as, λείπ-- 5 λειπ-- 
θήσομαιΞ λειφθήσομαι (6, R. 1). 

2d Future. Add --ησομαι to the shortened Root as found 
in the 2d Aorist Active; as, λειπ-τω ; Aut; λιπήσομαι. 

3d Future. Augment, Reduitinate: aa add -copa to 
the Root ; as, λείπ-τω ; λελείπ--σομαιΞελελείψομαι (6, R. 5). 

1st ‘Aerie. ἌΘΕΟΣ προς add -θην to the Root; as, 
λείπ--ὦ ; ἐλείφθην (6, R. 1). ᾿ 

2d Aorist. Augment and add --ν to the shortened 
Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active; as, λεέπ--ω ; λιπ; 
ἐλίπην. : 


ETYMOLOGY. : 57 


MIDDLE VOICE, 


Present. Add --ομαι to the strengthened Root, if it be 
strengthened ; as, λείπ--ω ; λείπομαι. 

Imperfect. Augment and add -Ὅμην to the Root; as, 
λείπ--ω 5 ἐλειπόμην. 

Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add --μαι to the 
Root; as, λείπ--ω ; λέλειμμαι (6, R. 2). : 

Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
ment, and add --μην to the Root; as, λείπ--ὠ ; ἐλελείμμην. 

1st Future. Add --σομαι to the Root; as, λείπ--ω ; λείψο- 
μαι (6, R. 5). 

2d Future. Add τεομαι; contracted - -Ούμαι, to the short- 
ened Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active; as, λειπ-τω ; 
λιπ; Aurovpar.t 

1st Aorist. Augment and add -capny to the Root; as, 
Asiz—w ; ἐλειψάμην (6, R. δ). 

2d@ Aorist. Augment and add -opny to the shortened 
Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active; as, λειπτω ; λιπ; 
ἐ-λιπ-όμην. | 

. EXAMPLES. 


38. Let the pupil form each Tense in the following 
Verbs, giv ing Rules for all of the Euphonic Changes as 
laid down in § 6. 


1. Τίω, I honor. 


Active. Middle. Passive. 
Present. Ti-w τί-ομαι τί-ομαι 
Imperfect.  Ἐἔἔ-τι-ον ἐ-τι-όμην ἐ-τι-όμην᾽ 
Future 1. τί-σ-ω τί-σ-ομαι ᾿ τι-ϑήσ-ομαι 
Future 2. τι-ῶ τι-ου-μαι τι-ήσ-ομαι 
Aorist 1. ἔ-τι-σ-α ἐ-τι-σ-άμην ἐ-τί--ην 
Aorist 2. ἔ-τι-ον ἐ-τι- μην ἐ-τί-ην 
Perfect. τέ-τι-κ-α τέ-τι- μαι τέ-τι-μαι 
Pluperfect. &-TE-Ti-K-ELV _ ἐτ-τε-τί- μὴν ἐ-τε-τί- μην 

. Perfect: 2. τέ-τι-α 

‘Pluperfect 2. ἐ-τε-τί-ειν 
Future 3. τε-τί-σ-ομαι 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


Present. 
Imperfect. 
Future. 
Aorist 1. 
Aorist 2. 
Perfect. 
Pluperfect. 
» Perfect 2. 
Pluperfect 2. 


πλέκω, I fold. 


ACTIVE VOICE. 


Parts divided. 
πλέκτ-ω 

» . 
ἔ-πλεκ-ον 
πλέκ-σ-ω 

᾿ 
ἕ-πλεκ-σ- α 

» 

ἔ-πλακ-ον 

, « 

πέ-πλεκ-,΄ -α 

᾽ , « 
ἐ-πε-πλεκ- -εἰν 
πέ-πλοκ-α 
ἐ-πε-πλόκ-ειν 


MIDDLE VOICE. 


Present. πλέκ-ομαι 
Imperfect. ἐ-πλεκ-όμην 
Future 1. πλέκ-στ-ομαι 
Future 2.7 πλακ-ῶ 
Aorist 1. _ é-mex-o-apny 
Aorist 2. ἐ-πλακ-όμην 
Perfect. πέ-πλεκ-μαι 
Pluperfect. ἐ-πε-πλέκ- μην 
PASSIVE VOICE. 
Present. πλέκ-ομαι 
Imperfect. ἐ-πλεκ-όμην 
Future 1. πλεκ-ϑήσ-ομαι 
Future 2. πλακ-ήσ-ομαι 
Aorist 1. ἐ-πλέκ-ϑ-ην 
Aorist 2. ἐ-πλάκ-ην 
Perfect. πέ-πλεκ-μαι 
Pluperfect. ἐ-πε-πλέκ-μην 
‘Future 3. πε-πλέκ-στ-ομαι 
πείϑω, 7] persuade. 
Active. Middle. 
Present. πείϑ-ω πείϑεομαι 
Imperfect. ἔ-πειϑ-ον ἐ-πειϑ-οόμην 
Future 1. πεί-στ-ω πεί-σ-ομαι 
Future 2. 
Aorist 1. ἔ-πει-σ-α ἐ-πει-σ- μην 


Parts combined, 


πλέκω 
ἔπλεκον 
πλέξω 
ἔπλεξα 

» 

ἕπλακον 
πέπλεχα 
ἐπεπλέχειν 
πέπλοκα 

> td 
ἐπεπλόκειν 


πλέκομαι 
ἐπλεκόμην 
πλέξομαι 
πλακῶ 
ἐπλεξάμην 
ἐπλακόμην 
πέπλεγμαι 
ἐπεπλέγμην 


πλέκομαι 
ἐπλεκόμην 
πλεχϑήσομαι 
πλακήσομαι 
ἐπλέχϑην 
ἐπλάκην 
πέπλεγμαι 
ἐπεπλέγμην 
πεπλέξομαι 


Passive. 
πείϑ-ομαι 
ἐ-πειϑοόμην 
πεισ-ϑήσ-ομαι 
πιϑοήσ-ομαι 
ἐ-πείσ--ην 


ETYMOLOGY. 59 


Aorist 2. ἔ-πιϑτ-ον ἐ-πιϑ-όμην ἐ-πίϑ-ην 
Perfect. | -WE-TEL-K-a πέ-πεισ-μαι . πέ-πεισ-μαι 
Pluperfect. ἐ-πε-πεί-κ-ειν ἐ-πε-πείστμην ἐ-πε-πείσ-μην 
Perfect 2. πέ-ποιϑ-α 

Pluperfect 2, ἐ-πε-ποίϑ-ειν 

Future 3. πε-πεί-σ-ομαι 


SPECIAL RULES FOR PURE VERBS. 
I. | 
39. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a or e or o, are 
contracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses, 


II. 

The Tenses are formed according to the Rules given 
above; but, (2) when a short vowel occurs before a con- 
sonant, it is changed into its own long; as, φιλεω; φιλε; 
φιλήσω ; (Ὁ) when « or a short doubtful vowel occurs before 
a Consonant in the Active and Middle Voice, the Verb in- 
serts « before a Consonant in the Passive Voice; as, 


ἀλέω ; ἀλέσω ; ἠλέσθην. 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


60 


* am— 


~ 


‘Aamn— 


‘a[dyorjed 


ap—— 


‘ a3p— 
ὍΛΔΗΤΟΒΕΙ 


9γχηφ 


3. ὑγγῴ 3.» 
aoolyid 


2BVIg 


39γηῷ 


ante 


sylinit32 
aoolirs 


pris 
sone 


OAT} UIOAWT 


1η10- χὠ 
11110-γῴ 


17110-- υγτφ 3.» 
min-oliyid 
ano-oliyid 


11ο-ιφ 
117)03-ιῴ 


"M3 


17110-Ἰ|1. 
17|10-].. 


1710 -ιγ11.13.. 


mMin-olirlie 
ano-olire 


mMc-rre 
mMon-n12 
ΘΔΗηθ1Ἃ0 


Ὁ) 


oO— 


o— 
o— 


)--" 
op— 
‘aATpUn[qng 


NI §$€UHA AO SUSNEL GNV SGOOW AHL AO SISAONAS 


“HOIOA FALLOV 


‘SGUTA LOVELINOO TUOd JO SUTANVXA 


Ovid 
aoy1g3 

Az mliyrh3.203 
palyrpre 
nolixyds 
mold 


<aoutt} 


03X12 
OVId 
οϑγηῴ 


ens 
ao0nis32 

“ 
arzwlinit3.13 
pulirlrt3t 
τρίιη 1.13 
molinis 
aeonrs3 
aonr113 


ent 
oprt 


‘QAT}COIPUT 


{2 9mnjn 7 
ς 5πον 

209 9614 
209}.194 

1 25ιὸν 

1 emgjny 


qoojrodury 


4950. 


4g θα 
G LOY 

209 96 Π gy 
409 94 

Τ 5πον 

1 omni 


4209 9017 


quosel 


‘OF 


61 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Soa3nlo— 
913-- 
Soa3nlo— 
J13— 
Soasrlo— 


Soasnlu— 


Soasrla— 
Soa3snon— 
Ιἀτο θα 


19903— 
ipali— 
19993— 
mal— 
10903— 


mgole- 


10θ90-- 
mg03D— 
“oat UgUy 


κε 


ΔΙ) θαθάτα] 


NI. 95658:.λ 


39M9aQ0X2m 
Ὁ 
aoomondX 


aonadX 


4 


30920X 


alirhio-olirs 
aliiz-mhe 


alirho-olighre - 


ali3-plirlis 
alinho-olirhs34 


αἰι ἢ.-γ11.13. 


alidh-nhs 
alirhon-rrs 
ὉΔΙ8χμα Ὁ 


“Ὁ 


srho-wm0ndXax 
mn-9m920X 
110-9m020X 


a10-900X 
1100-920X 


°™0 


10 Υ10ν-- 


mlm— 
mnlop— 


‘aaTOUNqng 


JO SISNEL GNV SQOOW AHL 10 SISAONAS 
“HOIOA HAISSVd 


. mnoolinhs 
alirlit3 
mrooliglnis 
Aliglinrs3 
mnoolirs32 
Alirllirht3.23 
1 1{{7|1.13.. 
Alinleyrh.s3 
alirlonii.3 
ἸΌΥ ΟΥ̓]. 
" ΡΥ ΟΌΥ 
“oAT}BOTpUT 


134M. 920X3N3 
pumondX24 
pomon0X3 
momoadX 
anogndXx3 
a00nn0X3 
moadX 
moon0X 


5 oinjn 7 
6 WSLOV 
1 912} 
I soy 
g 91ngn GT 

2099 4 

409J10 

209 9017 


quosol gd 


qoojatodny ἃ 
40o}.10 7 

T 45:πὸν 
Τ 9χηγη 1 


209 μ0 017 


quosol 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


62. 


Soa3no— 
5 13-- 
Soa3zno— 


Soasnlm— 


Soaanao— 
Soa3nloo— 


Soa3nlo— 
913-- 
Soa3znlo— 
IB— 
Soasrlo— 


Soagnu— 


Soasrlao— 
Soaano3— 
*a[dioyyavg 


19903— 
mwalt— 
1903— 


Imgom— 


19920— 
120230-- 


10023-- 
wali— 
19903— 
mal— 
10023-- 


mpolk— 


199013— 
1 09 33-- 
“OAT UyUy 


atligmoadX 


09mondX3x 


n00ndX 
noonadX 


19rd 
1liglyid 


ooltyi psu 


aovid 
n03yid 
"aAT}VLOd UI] 


alirho-oligmondX 
altiz-gmoadX 
Alirlo-omoadX3x 


alinch-oadX3x 


alirlo-ondX 
alirli00-2a0X 


°™0 


alirlo-oliyid 
alir3-\1d 
Alirho-olighyid 
ali3-glyid 
alirio-oliy1g3. 


αἰ ἤ-γιφ3.ν 


alirho-\id 
alinio3-\id 
*dAT}BIdCO 


"M32 


‘aarTjounfqug 


(‘panu2z;3u09)—"TOIOA HAISSVd 


wrnooligmoadX 
aligmoadXx3 
mrloomoadX3m 
alr ondX3x3 
arlmondX3x 
alirlaonadX3 
alirlooondX3 
mrnaoondX 
mprloonadX 


wwrlooliyid 
aliyyd3 
mnoolighyid 
aligliyngs 
mnlookyrgd3e 
alirlluyipsu3 
mmnlyids 
alirlaoyid3 
alirloayig? 
mmnaoyid 

το Υἱοϑγιῴ 

ὍΛΗ ΘΟΙΡΟΙ 


1 9120 1 
T β5πον 
4 oInqn TT 

qoopsodny g 
, 309 894 

qoojtoduy 


quest 


5 oanjny 
6 SHOY 
T 914} 7 
T 2511ὸν 
8. oIngn Ty 
qoojaodny J 
400J.10, 


qoojsoduy 


quosolg 


=) 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Soa3rlo— 
Soa3zn p— 


Soasao— 
Soa3rloo— 


Soa3nao— 
Soa3znlo— 
Soasno— 
Soaany— 


Soaznlao— 
Soasrlos— 


Soa3rlao— 
_ Soazno— 
Soa3nlo— 
Soaznln— 


Soaanm— 
Soaarnlon— 
ΘΙἀΙΟ ΒΩ 


19923-- 
10θ92-- 


10θφρφηο-- 


. 10θ230-- 


100913-- 
19903— 
109.03— 
10ρΡρν-- 


109913-- 
190233-- 


190913-- 
19903— 
19023-- 
mpgoD— 


190ΡὉ-- 
10093Ὁ-- 


‘oATUYUT 


momondX 


aooadX 
nooandX 


aon 


molinis 


ernie 
aonnie 


*aAT}BIOC UIT 


NI SHUXA JO SASNAL GNV SQOON AHL JO SISAONAS 
“HOIOA AIACCIN 


alintio-omondX 
alirlip-omondX 


alintio-2a0X 
altrlio0-9a0X 


“7 0 


alinio-yid 
alinio0-\1¢ 
alirho-oliyid 
Aliriiv-oliyid 


Alirho-\id 
alinio3-\1p 


"M3 


alirho-nis 
alirhio-n1s . 


alinio-olirs 
alirlin-oluris 


alin ea 1. 
alinion-ris 
*aAT}V}dO 


"MD 


wwnlm— 


10 710}--- 


70 Ύ{6γ-- 
ΤΥ 0)-- 


‘eayjounfqug 


mrloomoadX 
alinlpomoadXxX3 
alilaoaadX3 
alirloonadX3 
mnaoonoX 
rorloonadX 


mrnlaoyid 
alinloyig3 
mnooliyid 
alirtyoliyig3 
Alirlaoyig3 
alirlosyid3 
mmnaoyid 
mmrlo3yid 


monaoris 
alinlonis3 
mnookins 
alirlnolins3 
alirlenris3 
Alirlonrs3 
anes 
mnonris 
“OAT]BOT PUT 


Sree 


1 9115 0 
τ5μπὸγ 


2 μοάσιγ 


quesol gy 


ἐξ omngng 
Ὁ wSLIOy 
T 9112} 
T soy 


4099 α{πῚ 


quosolg 


4% θη 
6 ISLIOV 
1 omni 
1 150 


joojr0dury 


quest 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


64 


ΓΟ 3420 

av9m130 3.130 

avom.i3 3.113 

anom133 3.133 

avomiv 310 

AN9M130 . 3430 

[vIn I 
ano 3420 aznlao 
00 3.30 a3rloo 
ano 3.13 a3tlao 
03 3.33 asnloz 
am 31D azo 
aon 3.130 a3znon 
71920 3420 a3nlao 
19200 3.130 a3rloo 
71920 3.13 a3rlao 
10203 3.133 asrlo3 
199 340 aan 
19200 3.430 asrlop 
Me ἜΘΟΣ 
a 
“"Teanid 


aAmLN0 
A130 
Amt13 
A132 
Aamiv 
AML30 


‘Teng 


0.120 
40130 
A013 
40133 

a0tv 

(0.30 


ἝὍΟΟΙΣΝ GAILVAAIWI 


ες alisno 
αἰω.30 
alti3 
alts33 
ality 


als30 


a0L20 
40130 
a0413 
40433 
a0Lp 
40130 


‘asuay, 4209 θά ταχ 


0.120 a0.L00 
0130 40130 
40.113 40.113 
40..33 40133 

a0lp 40. 
40.131) 40.130 
᾿ “ 


‘Tend 


“osu, yUOSOI 
“dOOW AAILVOICNI 
“MOIOA FALLOV 


 ‘SNOILLOWIINI 0 WIAVL 


M120 ano 
- -ρηοχ 
£30 30 ‘ 
M113 13 ὦ 
133 ᾿ 33° - Ὸ 
MLD D 
‘ —r1 
130 30 ‘ 
“θα Ὁ 
πο Sno ano 
30 530 00 | 
13 512 ano 
33 333 03 
D Ν᾽) am 
30 330 aon 
10 510 ἴω; 
130 5130 mo 
@ @ @ 
13 513 © 
133 9133 m3 
4 ΓῚ 
ῥ δή © 
730 D130 oD 
, ee ae 
se il 
“IB[nsUIg 


—nis 


65 


ETYMOLOGY. 


ano 920 

a00 79200 

ano D020 

A03 D203 

an pom 

aon ponon 

*ATdIOILUVA 
100 3.1.0) a3rla 
190 32ho a3znmo 
190 tlt azn 
193 323 azo 
100 31D ase 
19D 3.12) aan 
310 3.10 azo 
3100 32100 a3zoo 
310 3.110 a3ni0 
43103 3.103 a3nio3 
αϑὦ aid) and 
a3100 © 3.1100 a3zmion 
Ses ὟΝ J 
[IN| 


a0Lm 
aotko 
Aoslt 
aos 
a0Lp 
aoslin 


“dOOW FAILONO Laas 


ad —9a20X 
0 
am 
ao | te 
ag t —it 
op 


a0Lm 
Aaosko 
ao2lt 
aosli3 
a0Lv 
doskn 


alitio 40210 
alt100 401100 
alti0 40110 
alit103 01103 
alah κοι 
alision 0210 
wii’ “ 


“Teng 


*dOOK AAILVIdO 


10° 510 o) 

fo Sho mo Ι -ρηἋχ 
a σά 9 

3 Sltz m3 Υ 
b σή ῷ 

ἄρ δὰ} τὴ shi 
10 510 1710 

100 5100 whoo } = οννὴς 
10 510 71110 

103 5103 17103 t “VP 
a δῷ ὦ if 

100 Siop sheet ag 

eee δ ) 

*Iv[nsUIg 


a= SS hl ἉΞΕἘΠἜ νος... 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


66 


avompgoao 39000 
4029030 39030 
An9Mp013 39013 
An9Mp033 39033 
anompgon 3900 
AvoMgL3D ᾿ 39030 
*[VAN[ I 
0La20 39020 ng3ra0 
01200 39.030 Ὁθ3γ|00 
014420 39023 neg3nao 
01403 39033 ng3ros 
ΠΥ ΤΩ) 3900 ve3nm 
oLaon 3023} ng3rlon 
19.420 39020 ng3nao 
10.4400 39030 Ὁθ3γ|900 
΄ “ 4 
IDLA20 39013 ng3nao 
1403 39033 ng3n03 
10.140) 3990 Ὁ θ3Υ|0) 
10.140) 3023} ve3non 
΄ ΄ ͵ 
νος wih 
i le 
θάμα 


ampoao 

mp030 

Amp 013 

m9.033 

ampon 

Amg03D 
‘Tend 


a0gono 
09030 
409013 
09033 
a0gov 
09030 


“dOOW ΛΕΥΙ 


aligono d0gono aog3nao 
aligo30 09030 0g3n00 
aligoi3 09013 a0g3ra0 
aligo32 09033 a093n03 
aligov aogov aog3nm 
aligo30 d0go3n . aog2non 
‘asuay, Joojrodwy 
09020 a0gono aog3nao 
069.030 00930 a0g3n00 
09013 409013 aog3nao 
09033 09033 aog3nos 
a0gon a0gon aog3rlm 
09930 a0g03n aog3non 
ive at 
δὴ 
‘pend 


ὍΒΠ9 Τ, 2 0594 


ὍΟΟΙΝ AAILVOIGNI 
‘SHOIOA HAISSVd ΑΝΥ ΒΊΘΘΠΙΕ 


™pon0 ao 
6°! " -ΟΩἍ Χ 
mp030 200 
p03 ao 
0 ’ ~ -,ὐ 
9033 203 
™pov o 
69 € ll 
mg030 aon 
*IV[NSUIG 
0220 a0 alirlao 
τ —920X2 
0.130 aoo alirloo = 
0.113 Ω0 aliriao ti 
0133 203 alirlo3 XA0? 
oe - aie 122 
0130 non alirlow t8 
10.120 20 mn ao oadX 
19.130 lo anloo 
10.123 a arlao 6 
100.133 (3 107103 Be) 
1}».1} b alm dae 
10.43 lin awrlon τ᾿ 
Ne τ: 
Vv 
*IB[NSUIS 
* 


67. 


. ETYMOLOGY. 


ao & 5o-a3nlao 
Ω ad 
ao u 50-a3noo — 
5o0-a3rlao 
ao u 371 -γφ 
ao lu 5o-a3nlo3 
ao u 50- (370) 
Ao {ι 5o0-a3non { ἮΝ 
“A TdAIOILYUVd 
IDLam 390m ve3nm a0gom a0gom aogarl 
ΣΤ ΤΩΣ 3θοίιρ ng3rlmo aogolo aogolo a0g3nlmo 
Lam 3gol peso aogol aogol aog3nm 
IDLAM3 3gol3 Ῥ037|0)3 πορφίι3 dogola a0g3rlms 
10.140) 3000) Ῥθ3Υ0) πορθῶν a0gon a0g3nlm 
mLAcmn 3goln ne3tlmn aogoln aogolin a0g3lmp 
‘dOOW FAILONO LENS 
01410 39010 ng3rlio aligo10 09010 a093110 
014100 390100 pg371100 aligoi00 4090100 09371100 
04410 39010 pg3tlo aligoro 409010 a0g3110 
0.11103 390103 pg3rl103 aligo103 090103 a0g37l103 
οὐ 390+ nea aluigor aogot a0g3ne 
02100 399100 pe3tlion aligo10n ΛΟθΦΊΟ» dog3rion 
ςς a ς . 
Vv v 
[ein ‘Teng 


"GOON AAILVLIdO 


1.10} 10 money »αὐχ 
miko Go aprlmo 
molt a alm τῷ 
ils 43 1ΌΥ]0)3 X 
mL0 ἡ ron oo 
malin iv ron 
0110 010 alirho 
- Ξ : —pndoX 
02100 0100 Aaliniioo 
0.110 010 aliro i 
0.1103 0103: alinio3 X 
osc) οὗ alin) 
ς τ ͵ —rs 
0.110} 010» alinron ἡ 
Ne aye ee! 
*Iv[NSUIg 


68 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


LIQUID VERBS. 
42, Liquid Verbs are those whose characteristic is a Liq- 
uid. In the formation of their Tenses, they differ from 
the Mute Verbs in the following particulars, viz. : 


ἐν 
If the strengthened Root of the Present is long, all of 
the Tenses excepting the Present and Imperfect are form- 
ed from the modified Root as found in the 2d Aorist and 
2d Perfect. 


II. 

The Future Active and Middle, instead of ow and copa, 
add ew and εομαι, contracted into 6 and dvpa, to the short- 
ened Root; as, τείνω; Root rev; shortened Root rev; 
Future Active revo; Future Middle τενοῦμαι. 


1Π. 

The First Aorist Active and Middle lengthen the short- 
ened Root, and instead of ca and σαμην, add a and apn; 
as, τεινω; Root rev; shortened Root rev; re-lengthened 
Root rev; Ist A. Active ἔτεινα ; 1st A, Middle ετειναμην. 


IV. 
Verbs of two syllables in eww, ww and vvw drop ν before 
a Consonant; as, reevxw; Root rev; modified Root ταν; 
Perfect reraxa. | 


43. EXAMPLES OF LIQUID VERBS. 
Στέλλω, T send. ’ 

Active. Middle. Passive. 
Present. OTEAA-w στέλλ-ομαι στέλλ-ομαι 
Imperfect. ἔ-στελλ-ον ἐ-στελλ-όμην ἐ-στελλ-όμην 
Future 1. στελ-ἔ-ω, ὦ στελ-ἔ-ομαι, οὔμαι σταλ-ϑήσ-ομαι 
Future 2. σταλ-ήσ-ομαι 
Aorist 1. ἔ-στειλ-α ἐ-στειλ-άμην | ἐιστάλ- την 


Aorist 2. ἔ-σταλ-ον ἐ-σταλ-όμην ἐ-στάλ-ην 


Perfect. 
Pluperfect. 
Perfect 2, _ 
Pluperfect 2. 


Present. 
Imperfect. 


τς Future 1. 


Future 2. 
Aorist 1. 
Aorist 2. 
Perfect. 
Pluperfect. 
Perfect 2. 
Pluperfect 2. 


Present. 
Imperfect. 
Future 1. 
Future 2. 
Aorist 1. 
Aorist 2. 
Perfect. 
Pluperfect. 
Perfect 2. 
Pluperfect 2. 


Present. 
Imperfect. 
Future 1. 
Future 2. 
Aorist 1. 
Aorist 2. 
Perfect. |... 
Pluperfect. 
Perfect 2. 
Pluperfect 2. 


᾿ ἐ-τε-τά-κεειν 


“γέ-νομ-α 


ETYMOLOGY. 
ἔ-σταλ-κ-α ἔ-σταλ-μαι 
ἐ-στάλ-κ-ειν ἐ-στάλ-μην 
ἔ-στολ-α 


ἐ-στόλ-ειν 


Φαίνω, I show. 


Active. Middle. 
φαίν-ω φαΐν-ομαι 
ἔ-φαιν-ον ἐ-φαιν-ὃμην 
φαν-ἔ-ω, ὦ φαν-ἔ-ομαι, οὔμαν 
ἔ-φᾶν-α ἐ-φᾶν-ἄμην 
ἔ-φᾶν-ον ἐ-φᾶἄν-όμην 
πέ-φαγ-κ-α πέ-φασ-μαι 


γ , ? ΄ 
ἐσ-ππε-φαγ-κ-ειν ἐ-πε-φασ-μὴν 
πέ-φην-α 


> Ud 
E-TE-DNV-ELY —— 
Τεένω, I stretch. 
Active. Middle. 
τείντω * ᾿τείν-ομαι 
ἔ-τειν-ον ἐ-τειν-όμην 
TEV-E-W), ὦ - τεν- ἔτομαι, οὔμαι᾽ 
» > , 
ἔ-τειν.α ἐ-τειν- μην 
ἔ-ταν-ον é-Tav-ouny 
TE-Tu-K-a Té-Ta-pat 


ἐ-τε-τά-μην 


τέ-τον-α 
ἐ-τε-τόν-ειν 


Νέμω, .1 distribute. 


- Active. Middle. 
νέμ-ω γνέμ-ομαι 
ἔ-νεμτον ἐ-νεμ-όμην 
νεμ-έ-ω, ὦ νεμ-ἔτ-ομαι, οὔμαι 
ἔ-νειμ- α ἐ-νειμ-ἅμην 
ἔ-νἄμ-ον ἐτναμ-όμην. 


νε-νέμτη-κκ-α νε-νέμτη-μαι 
ἐ-νε-νεμ-ή-κ-εέιν ἐ-νε-νεμ-ή-μην 


ἐ-νε-νόμ-ειν 


69 
ἔ-σταλ-μαι 
ἐ-στάλ-μην 


Passive. 
φαίν-ομαι 
ἐ-φαιν-ὁμην 
φαν-ϑήσ-ομαι 
φαν-ἤσ-ομαι 
ἐ-φάν-ϑτ-ην 
ἐ-φάν-ην 
πέ-φασ-μαι 
ἐ-πε-φάσ-μην 


Passive. 
τείν-ομαι 
ἐ-τειν-όμην 
τα-ϑήσ-ομαι 
ταν-ἤσ-ομαι 
ἐ-τά-ϑ-ην 
ἐ-τάν-ην 
τέ-τα-μαι 
ἐ-τε-τά-μην 


Passive, 
γέμ-ομαι 
ἐ-νεμ-όμην 
νεμ-η-ϑήσ-ομαι 
ναμ-ήσ-ομαι 
é-véu-n-S-nv 
ἐ-νάμτην 


. VE-VEU-N- pat 


ἐ-νε-νεμ-ή-μην 


.------.---..--.-. . 


‘70 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


VERBS IN μι. 
44, Verbs in μὲ are formed from Pure Verbs in 
AW, EW, OW, and UW, 
and are consequently of four forms, ending respectively in 
HL, NPL, Wt, and υμι. 
The following steps are taken in the formation of a reg- 
ular Verb in μι: 


Change ὦ into pu; as, 
Paw; Pape. 


II. 
Lengthen the Penultima; as, 


Baw; Bape; βημι. 


IT. 
Prefix the Reduplication. 
This consists of « with the initial Consonant when the 
Verb begins with a Consonant; as, 


Baw; Bape; βημι; βίβημι; 
or of simply an aspirated « when the Verb begins with 
a Vowel or with the letters στ or m7; as, 

ἕω; Epes ἥμι; ἵημι. 

στάω; στάμι; στήμι; ἵστημι. 

TTAW 5 πτάμι; πτήμι ; ἵπτημι. 


45. Verbs in μὲ have but three Tenses of this peculiar 
form, viz.: the Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist. The 
remaining Tenses are formed regularly from the Pure 
Verbs upon which they are built. The Present is formed 
above. The other two Tenses are formed as follows; 
χὰ, ὁ : 


ETYMOLOGY. 71 


: IMPERFECT ACTIVE. | 

_ Change jx of the Present into ν, and prefix the Aug- 
ment, unless the Verb begins with «, which remains un- 
changed ; as, | 

δίδωμι ; Imp. ἐδίδων. 

ἵστημι; Imp. ἵστην. 


SECOND AORIST ACTIVE. 

Dr op the reduplication of the Imperfect unlgss the Verb 
begins with a Vowel, zr, or or, when the aspirated « is 
changed into the Augment; as, 

δίδωμι; Imp. ἐδίδων ; 2d A. ἔδων. 
torn; Imp. ἵστην; 2d A. ἔστην. 


PRESENT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 
Change px of the Present Active into pa: and shorten 
the Penultima; as, 
δίδωμι; Pres. Pass. δίδομαι. 


IMPERFECT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 

Change μαι of the Present into pny, and prefix the Aug- 
ment, unless. the Verb begins with «, which remains un- 
changed ; as, 

δίδομαι ; Imp. ἐδιδόμην. 
ἵσταμαι ; Imp. ἵστάμην. 


SECOND AORIST MIDDLE. 


Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb 
begins with a Vowel, with zr, or with o7, when the aspi- 
rated «is changed into the Augment; as, 


δίδωμε ; δίδομαι ; ἐδιδόμην ; εδόμην. 


‘GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


72 


soasWag 


soa3n/aan13Q 
@ ™ 


soasniog 


Soasrlogig 


soasnae 


soasrl3a p11 


soa3snpLo 


soasnpL01 


$99 


50aN130 


5n09 


é 


500019 
513. 


513 ΟἽἼΟ 


SDLO 


SDLO1 
“MIdGIOILAV J 


L290 
199.00AN139 
19.009 
WHO0019 
10, 930 
IDL DILL 
IDLOYLO 


WLODLO} 


mang 
Be erect ta 


174944139 
4 


1aaog 


1920919 


70.113 


IDAZHIL 


malLo 


IDADLOI 
*HAILINIANT 


oong 


¢ 


oR ¢) Nan139 


9009 


0.00919 


0.030. 


0.031. 


ODDLO 


ODDLDO} 


1529 


IZ aan} 3 9 
1509 
15,0979 
ἧς 


1.03 IL 


1.6L 


12 .:.01 


*HAILVUAANT 


alinag 


alinj0aa139 
4 


alin109 


aliri10919 
alinizg 


alin} 3,01. 


alirljn.L9 


alirin 101 


ating 


11/109a»13Q 
altio9 
ali10919 


αἰι13 


α(ι13..1. 


ahivLro 


αἰι70.».01 
*MAILVLAO 


‘HTICGIN GNV HZAISSVd 


΄ 


ἜΘΙΟΛ DALLOV 
“ATAVL ΠΟΙ ΦΟΝ ΑΘ 


rorlag 


mr/onan13.9 
΄ 


anng 


11/919 
rorlog 


ron gt 


10n1M.LO 


mnmL01 


mag 


΄ 


mnan13 9 
me 
mote 
MS 


GIL 


MLO 


OLOT 


> 
"HAILONOraag 


alering? 
alirlnay393 
1 1/AAN739 


aliriog3 
aliriog193 
10 0010 
aunieg? 
aliviz e123 
mvs e1L 


AlirlyL0o3 
alirintoy 
1nDLoO7 


ang3 
anay}3 5 
1/aaw139 
amgz 
AM9193 
mlmQr9 
Ales 
algi.3 
11.» 
aAlLoz 
auro7 
mi107 


‘TAILVOIGNT 


SIPPHA ὦ ISO 
qoojaod wy 
2 0591. 


ΘΙΡΡΤΙΝ ὁ Ἴ511 0. 
qoojzod wy 
quosaty 


ΘΙΡΡΙ Ὁ 51 00 
10 θά} 
_ guessed] 


SIPPIA 6 Ἴ51ὸν 
200 θά wy 
᾿ ΦΠΟ59} 


, 6 5100 
qoojaod wy 
᾿ς guoselg 


6 HOV 
2091 πθατ Ὁ 
quesol 


6 hoy 
qoajted wy 
quasar 


6 BOY 
qoojrod wy 
quesat gy 


‘OF 


47. 


P. 


I place 
ἵστημι 
ἵστης 
ἱστησι(ν) 


Ἱστατον 
ἵστατον 


ἵσταμεν 
ἵστατε 
ἱστᾶσι(ν) 


ἵστατον 
ἱστάτην 
ἵσταμεν 
ἵστατε 

ἵστασαν 


» 
ἔστην 
ἔστης 
ἔστη 


ἔστητον 
ἐστήτην 


EOTHMEV 


ἔστητε 
ἔστησαν 


- 


ETYMOLOGY. 


TABLE OF INFLECTIONS. 


ACTIVE VOICE, 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 


I put 
τίϑημι 
τίϑης 
τίϑησι(ν) 


τίϑετον 
τίϑετον 


τίϑεμεν 
τίϑετε 


τιϑεῖσι(ν) or 
τιϑεᾶσι(ν) 


1 give 
δίδωμι 
Cidwe 
δίδωσι(ν) 


δίδοτον 
δίδοτον 


δίδομεν 


δίδοτε 


διδοῦσι(ν) or 
διδόᾶσι(:") 


Imperfect. 


ἐτίϑην 
ἐτίϑης 
ἐτίϑη 


ἐτίϑετον 
ἐτιϑέτην 
ἐτίϑεμεν 
ἐτίϑετε 
rt 
ἐτίϑεσαν 


Aorist 2. 


ἔϑην 
ἔϑης 
ion 


ἔϑετον 
ἐθέτην 
ἔϑεμεν 
ἔϑετε 

ἔϑεσαν 


9. ὦ 
ἐδίδων 
ἐδίδως 
ἐδίδω 


ἐδίδοτον 
ἐδιδότην 
ἐδίδομεν 
ἐδίδοτε 


ἐδίδοσαν 


ἔδων 
ἔδως 
ἔδω 


ἔδοτον 
> , 
ἐδύότην 
ἔδομεν 
ἔδοτε 

» 
ἔδοσαν 


73 


1 show 
δείκνυμι 
δείκνῦς 
δείκνῦσι(») 


δείκνυτον 
ϑείκνυτον 


δείκνυμεν 

δείκνυτε 

δεικνῦσι(ν») or 
δεικνύασι(») 


? , - 
ἐδείκνυν 
ἐδείκνυς 
ἐδείκνυ 


> , 
ἐδείκνυτον 
ἐδεικνύτην 
> , 
ἐδείκνυμεν 
ἐδείκνυτε 
ἐδείκνυσαν 


ἔδὺυν 
ἔδῦς 
ἔδυ 
ἔδυμεν 


ἐδύτην 
ἔδυμεν 


ἔδυτε 


ς ἔδυσαν 


led 


t 


x 


P. 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
ἱστῶ τιϑῶ διδῶ δεικνύω 
ἱστῆς τιϑῆς διδῷς δεικνύῃς 
tory τιϑῇ διδῷ δεικνύῃ 
ἱστῆτον τιϑῆτον διδῶτον δεικνύητον 
ἱστῆτον τιϑῆτον διδῶτον δεικνύητον 
ἱστῶμεν τιϑῶμεν διδῶμεν δεικνύωμεν 
ἱστῆτε τιϑῆτε διδῶτε δεικνύητε 
ἱστῶσι(ν) τιϑῶσι(ν) διδῶσι(ν) δεικνύωσι( ν) 


στῶ inflect- 


Aorist 2. 


S& inflect- 


δῷ inflect- 


δύω inflect- 


ed like the ed like the ed like the ed like the 
Present. Present. Present. Present. 
OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
ἱσταίην τιϑείην διδοίην δεικνύοιμι 
ἱσταίης τιϑείης διδοίής δεικνύοις 
ἱσταίη τιϑείη διδοίη δεικνύοι 
ἱσταίητον τιϑείητον διδοίητον δεικνύοιτον - 
ἱσταιήτην τιϑειήτην διδοιήτην δεικνυοίτην 
ἱσταίημεν τιϑείημεν διδοίημεν δεικνύοιμεν 
ἱσταίητε τιϑείητε διδοίητε δεικνύοιτε 
ἱσταίησαν τιϑείησαν διδοίησαν δεικνύοιεν 
Or thus: 
ἱσταῖτον τιϑεῖτον διδοῖτον 
ἱσταίτην τιϑείτην Σιδοίτην 
ἱσταῖμεν τιϑεῖμεν διδοῖμεν 
ἱσταῖτε τιϑεῖτε διδοῖτε 
ἱσταῖεν τιϑεῖεν διδοῖεν 
Aorist 2. 
σταίην inflect- Sesiny inflect- δοίην inflect- δύην 


ed like the 
Present. 


ed like the 
Present. 


ed like the 
Present. 


ζῃ 


P. 


Pres. 
Aor. 2. 


Pres. 
Aor. 2. 


D. 


ἵσταϑι 

or torn 
ἱστάτω 
ἵστατον 
ἱστάτων 
ἵστατε 
ἱστάτωσαν 

or ἱστάντων 


στῆτε 
στήτωσαν 
or στάντων 


« , 
ἱστάναι 
στῆναι 


. , 
LOTaC 


στάς 


ἵσταται 


ε , 
ἱστάμεϑον 
ἱστασϑον 
er 

ἱστασϑον 
ἱστάμεθα 
er 

LOTAGIE 
ἵστανται 


ETYMOLOGY. 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
τίϑετι 


τιϑέτω 
τίϑετον 
τιϑέτων 
τίϑετε 
τίϑέτωσαν 

or τιϑέντων 


Aorist 9. 
ϑέτι or Séc 
ϑέτω 
Sérov 
ϑέτων 
ϑέτε 
Sirwoav 

or ϑέντων 


δίδοϑι 


διδότω 
δίδοτον 
διδότων 
δίδοτε 
διδότωσαν 

or διδόντων 


ddd or δός 

ϑύτω 

δότον 

δότων 

δότε 

δότωσαν 
or δόντων 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


τιϑέναι διδόναι 
ϑεῖναι δοῦναι 
PARTICIPLE. 
τιϑείς διδούς 
Seic δούς 
«ΟΣ AND MIDDLE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 

τίϑεμαι δίδομαι 
τίϑεσαι δίδοσαι 

or τίϑῳ 

τίϑεται δίδοται 
τιϑέμεϑον διδόμεϑον 
τίϑεσϑον δίδοσθον 
τίϑεσϑον δίδοσϑον 
τιϑέμεϑα διδόμεϑα 
τίϑεσϑε δίδοσϑε 
τίϑενται δίδονται 


~T 
οι 


δείκνυϑι 

or δείκνυ 
δεικνύτω 
δείκνυτον 
δεικνύτων 
δείκνυτε 
δεικνύτωσαν 

Or δεικνύντων 


δῦϑι 
δύτω 
δῦτον 
δύτων 
δῦτε 
δύτωσαν 

or δύντων 


Ly , 
δεικνύναι 
δῦναι 


δεικνύς 
δύς 


δείκνυμαι 
δείκνυσαι 


δείκνυται 


ὃ 


ὃ 


’ 
εἰκνύμεϑον 
εἰκνυσϑον 
δείκνυσϑον 


δεικνύμεϑα 
δείκνυσϑε 
δείκνυνται 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


Imperfect. 

5. ἱστάμην ἐτιϑέμην ἐδιδόμην ἐδεικνύμην 
ἵστασο ἐτίϑεσο ἐδίδοσο ἐδείκνυσο 

or ἵστω or ἐτίϑου or ἐδίδου 
ἵστατο ἐτίϑετο ἐδίδοτο ἐδείκνυτο 

Ὦ. ἱστάμεϑον ἐτιϑέμεϑον ἐδιδόμεϑον ἐδεικνύμεϑον 
ἵστασϑον ἐτίϑεσϑον ἐδίδοσϑον ἐδείκνυσϑον 
ἱστάσϑην ἐτιϑέσϑην ἐδιδόσϑην ἐδεικνύσϑην 

P. ἱστάμεϑα ἐτιϑέμεϑα ἐδιδόμεϑδα ἐδεικνύμεϑα 
ἵστασϑε ἐτίϑεσϑε ἐδίδοσϑε ἐδείκνυσϑε 
ἵσταντο ἐτίϑεντο ἐξίδοντο ἐδείκνυντο 

Aorist 2 Middle. 
ἐστάμην ἐθέμην ἐδόμην ἐδύμην 
inflected inflected inflected _—_sinflected 
‘like the like the like the like 
Imperfect. Imperfect. - Imperfect, τἐδεικνύμὴν 
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. 

5. ἱστῶμαι τιϑῶμαι. διδῶμαι δεικνύωμαι 
ἱστῇ τι Ὁ διδῷ δεικνύῃ 
ἱστῆται τιϑῆται διδῶται δεικνύηται 

D. ἱστώμεϑον τιϑώμεϑον διδώμεϑον δεικνυώμεϑον 
ἱστῆσϑον τισῆσϑον διδῶσϑον δεικνύησϑον 
ἱστῆσϑον τιϑῆσϑον διδῶσϑον δεικνύησθον 

Ῥ. ἱστώμεθα τιϑώμεϑα διδώμεϑα δεικνυώμεϑα 
ἱστῆσϑε τιϑῆσϑε διδῶσϑε δεικνύησϑε 
ἱστῶνται τιϑῶνται διδῷῶνται δεικνύωνται 

Aorist 2 Middle. 
στῶμαι “ῶμαι δῶμαι δύωμαι 
like the like the like the like 
Present. Present. Present. δεικνύωμαι 
OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 

8S. ἱσταίμην τιϑείμην διδοίμην δεικνυοίμην 
ἱσταῖο τιϑεῖο διδοῖο δεικνύοιο 
ἱσταῖτο τιϑεῖτο διδοῖτο δεικνύοιτο 


ETYMOLOGY. 


D. ἱσταίμεϑο τιϑείμεδον διδοίμεϑον 
θα νι τιϑεῖσϑον διδοῖσϑον 
ἱσταίσϑην τιϑείσϑην διδοίσϑην 

P. ἱσταίμεϑα τιϑείμεϑα Cotpesa 
ἱσταῖσϑε τιϑεῖσξε διδοῖσϑε 
ἱσταῖντο τιϑεῖντο ζιδοῖντο. 

Aorist 2 Middle. 
σταίμην ϑείμην δοίμην 
like the like the like the 
Present. Present. Present. 
IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
S. ἵστασο τίϑεσο δίδοσο 
or ἵστω or τίϑου ΟΥ δίδου 
ἱστάσϑω τιϑέσθω διδόσϑω 

D. ἵστασϑον τίϑεσϑον δίδοσϑον 
ἱστάσϑων τιϑέσϑων διδόσϑων 

Ῥ. ἵστασϑε τίϑεσϑε δίδοσϑε 
ἱστάσϑωσαν ᾿τιϑέσϑωσαν διδόσϑωσαν 

or ἱστάσϑων or τιϑέσϑων or διδόσϑων. 

Aorist 2 Middle. 
στάσο Séco or Sov δόσο or Cov 

like the like the like the 

Present. Present. Present. 
; 3 “5.2 

4 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. toracSat τίϑεσϑαι δίδοσθαι 
Α. 3 Μ. στάσϑαι ϑέσϑαι δόσϑαι 
PARTICIPLE. 

Pres. ἱστάμενος τιϑέμενος διδόμενος 
A. 2Μ. στάμενος σ“έμενος δόμενος 


EXERCISES IN FORMATION. 


77 


δεικνυοίμεδον 
Ὁ 4 
δεικνύοισϑον 
δεικνυοίσϑην 
δεικνυοίμεδ α 
- , 
δεικνύοισϑε 
δεικυύοιντο 


δύμην 


δείκνυσο 


δεικνύσϑω 
δείκνυσϑον 
δεικνύσϑων 
δείκνυσϑε 
δεικνύσϑωσαν 
or δεικνύσϑων 


."ὔ 
ουσο 
like 


δείκνυσο. 


δείκνυσθαι 
δύσϑαι 


δεικνύμενος 
δύμενος 


Let the pupil form all of the Tenses of the folowing 


Verbs according to the foregoing Rules. 


Verb. Root.° Aorist 2 Root. Terfect 2 Root. 
δέρκω δερκ δαρκ δορκ 
σπείρω OTELO σπαρ σπορ 


78 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


Verb. 
λέγω 
σήπω 
φαίνω 
θάλλω 
αγείρω 
βίβημι 


δίδημι 


Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root. 
ey Ey hoy 

on car oni 

gary φαν φην 

θαλ Oar θηλ 

αγειρ αγερ αγορ 


Bex 


δε ----- 


48. TABLES O¥ THE SYNOPSES AND INFLECTIONS OF CER- 
TAIN IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS. 


Singular. 
Fe τ <2 > ‘ 
εἰμί, ELC ΟΥ̓ El, ἔστι 


Singular. 
WV, ἧς, ἢ OY ἣν 


Singular. 
» 7 - 
Ὥμην, ἢσο; 2]TO 


Singular. 
ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ, ἔσεται 


Singular. 
» » » 
ἴσϑι OY ἔσο, ἔστω 


Singular. 
εἴην, εἴης, εἴη 


Singular. 
ἐσοίμην, ἔσοιο, ἔσοιτο 


Εἰμὲ, to be. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense. 
Dual. 
ἐστὸν, ἐστὸν 
Imperfect. 
Dual. 
HTOV, ἤτην 
Imperfect Middle. 
Dual. 
ἤμεϑον, ἦσϑον, ἤσϑην 
Future Middle. 
Dual. 
ἐσόμεϑον, ἔσεσϑον, 
ἔσεσϑον 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
Dual. 
ἔστον, ἔστων 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Dual. 
εἴητον, εἰήτην 


Future. 
Dual. 
, , a » nA, 
ἐσοίμεδον, ἔσοισϑον, 


ἐσοίσϑην 


Plural. 
ἐσμὲν, ἐστὲ, εἰσί 


Plural. 
NEV, ἦτε, ἦσαν 


Plural. 
ἤμεϑα, HOLE, ἦντο 


Plural. 
7 , » » 
ἐσόμεϑα, ἔσεσϑε, ἔσονται 


Plural. 
ἔστε, ἔστωσαν 


Plural. 
εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν οΥ̓ 
elev 


Plural. 
᾽ ΩΝ fay » a, ” 
ETI MESA, ἑσοίσῴξ, EGOLVTO 


Singular. 
ὦ, YC, ἢ 


Present. 
εἶναι 


Singular. 


Indic. εἶμι εἷς or εἶ εἶσι 
ὧν 1.5 ” ” ” 
muy. tw (n¢ (ἢ 
Opt. οιμι ἴοις ἴοι 


Imper. ἴϑι t 
Infin. ἰέναι Part. 


Sing. pew or ya 
Dual ————— 
Plur. ἤειμεν or ἣμεν 


os 


Present 
Imperfect 


-εμαι 
-ἐμην 


σι 


Singular. 
e er @ 
inp, της, (noe 


er » e 
ny, ine, ἴη 


YO-W, ELC, EL 


ETYMOLOGY. 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
Dual. 


Plural. 


- τ τ 7 * 
YTOV, TOV WHEY, ITE, wot 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


Present Participle. 
ὦν, οὖσα, ὃν 


Ein, to go. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

Present Tense. 

Dual. 

ἴτον ἵἴτον ἴμεν 
ἴητον ἴητον ἴωμεν 
ἴοιτον ἰοίτην ἴοιμεν 
ἴτον ἴτων 
ἰοῦσα ἰόν Gen. ἰόντος 


INDICATIVE MOOD. 


Future. 
» 
ἔσεσϑαι 


» » » 
ἴτε ἴσι OF ἴασι 
» » 

ἴητε ἴωσι 

» » 

ἴοριτε ἴοιεν 

ἴτε ἴτωσαν 
ἰούσης, ete. 


Imperfect. 
ἥξεις Or ἤεισϑα ἤει 
ἤειτον OY ἦτον ηείτην OY την 
ἤειτε ΟΥ̓́Ν τε ζεσαν, Ion. ἤισαν 


Ἴεμαι, to hasten. 
MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 


-EOaL “ETAL 
-&00 -€TO 


ἽἼημι, to send. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 


-ἐμεϑον, ete. 
-ἔμεϑον, ete. 


Present. 

Dual. Plural. 
ἵετον, LETOV leper, tere, ἱεῖσι 
Imperfect. 
ἵετον, LETHY ἵεμεν, EERE, ἵεσαν 
Future 1. 


ETOV, ETOV OMEV, ETE, OVOL 


80 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR: BEGINNERS. 


Aorist 1. ' Perfect. Pluperfect. 
ἧκα εἶκα εἴκειν 
Aorist 2. 
Singular. Dnal. Plural. 
ἡν, ἧς, 1 ἕτον, ἕτην ἕμεν, Ere, Eoay 


or εἷμεν, tire, εἶσαν 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
tEQt, LETW ἵετον, ἱέτων ters, ἱέτωσαν 
Aorist 1. Perfect. 
ἧκον εἶκε 
Aorist 2. 
ἕς, ἕτω ἕτον, ἕτων ἕτε, ἕτωσαν 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
ἱείτην, NC, ἢ NTOY, ἤτην ἡμεν, NTE, σαν 
Future 1. 3: Perfect. 
ἥσοιμι : εἵκοιμι 
os Aorist 2. py ee 
ἐἵτην, NC, ἢ τον, την ἡμεν, τε, σαν 
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
i@, ine, WD ἱῆτον, ἱῆτον ἱῶμεν, LTE, ἰῶσι 
Perfect. 
ELK-W, YC, Y NTOV, ἤτον WHEY, NTE, Wor 
Aorist 2. 
a - τ τ ἂν τ - 
. ὦ, YC, 1) 1JTOV, 1]TOV WHEY, TE, WOE 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present. Future 1. 
ἱέναι HOE 
Perfect. Aorist 2. 
εἱκέναι εἶναι 
PARTICIPLES. 
Present. Future 1. 


“Ἢ er , ἣν» 
ἱεὶς, ἱεῖσα, ἱέν ἥσων, ἥσουσα, ἧσον 


Perfect. 


εἱκὼς, εἱκυῖα, εἰκός 


Singular. 
ν 
ἵε-μαι, σαι, ται 


ἱε-μῆν, σο, TO 
εἶτ μαι, σαι, ται 
er 

εἵ-μην, 60, TO 


Future 3. 
εἴσομαι 


ETY NOLOGY. 


PASSIVE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
Dual. 
μεϑον, σϑον, σϑον 
Imperfect. 
μεϑον, σῶον, σῆην 
Perfect. 
μεϑον, oSov, cov 
Pluperfect. 
pedov, σϑον, σϑὴν 


Aorist 1. 
ἔϑην and εἴϑην 


MIDDLE VOICE. 


81 


Aorist 2. 


cay τ΄ e 
ELC, ELOA, EV 


Plural. 
μεδα, OE, νται 


Δ 
μέϑα, σϑε, ντὸ 
μεϑα, oe, νται 
μεϑα, σϑε, ντὸ 


Future 1. 
ἐἑθήσομαι 


Present and Imperfect like the Passive. 


x» Singular, | 
γηκ- ἀμὴν, ὦ, ATO 


ἥσ-ομαι, ἢ, ETAL 


er [2 er 
ELLINV, ἔσο, ETO 


Singular. 
er er 
ἔσω, ἔσϑω - 


Singular. 
ἡσοί- μην; 0, TO 


ἐἑί-μην, 0, TO 


Aorist: 1. 


, Dal... > + 
ἄμεϑον, ασϑον, ἄσϑην 


Future 1. 


όμεϑον, ἐσῆον, EGov 


Aorist 2. 


ἕμεϑον, ἔσϑον, ἔσϑην 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Aorist 2. 


Dual. 
ἔσϑον, ἕσϑων 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 
Future 1. 
Dual. 
μέϑον, σϑον, σϑὴν 


Aorist 2. 


μέϑον, σϑον, ony 


D2 


Ἢ Plural. τὰ 
ἔμεϑα, ασϑε, αντὸ 


ὀμεϑα, OSE, ονται 


ἔμεϑα, ἔσϑε, ἕντο 


Plural. 
ἔσϑε, ἔσϑωσαν 


Plural. 
piesa, ose, ντὸ 


EA, OSE, VTO 


82 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, 
Aorist 2. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
ἣν τ : ἃ iad r ud er τ 4 τ 
WAL, 1), ITAL ὥμεϑον, ἧσϑον, ἧσϑον ὥμεϑα, ἧσϑε, ὦνται 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


Future 1. Aorist 2. 
ἥσεσϑαι ἕσϑαι 
PARTICIPLES. 

Future 1. Aorist 2. 
ἡσόμεν-ος, ἡ, OV ἕμεν-ος, ἢ, ον 


Κεῖμαι, to lie down. 


INDICATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Singular. Dual. Pinral. 
κεῖ- μαι, σαι, ται μεϑον, σϑον, σϑον μεθα, σϑε, νται 
Imperfect. 
ἐκεί-μην, 00, TO μέϑον, σϑον, σϑὴν pega, oe, ντὸ 


Future 1. 
κείσ-ομαι, τ), ETAL ὄμεϑον, ἐσϑον, ἐσῦον όὄμεϑα, EOE, ονται 


IMPERATIVE MOOD, 


Present. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
κεῖσο, κείσϑω κεῖσϑον, κείσϑων κεῖσϑε, κείσϑωσαν 


- 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Singular. Dual. Pinral. 
κεοί- μὴν, 0, TO μεϑον, σϑον, σϑὴν μεϑα, OE, ντὸ 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


Present. Aorist 1. 
κέωμαι κείσωμαι 
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
resent. Present. 


κεῖσϑαι κείμεντος, ἢ; OV 


Singular. 


φημὶ, φῃς, φησὶ 
ἔφ-ην, NC, ἢ 
φήσ-ω, ELC, εἰ 
ἔφησ-α, ac, & 
ἔφτ-ην, NC, ἢ 


Singular. 


φάϑι, φάτω 


Singular. 
φαί-ην, ne, ἢ 


φήσ-αιμι, atc, at 


Singular. 


φῶ, onc, φῇ 


INFINITIVE. 
Present. 
φάναι 
Aorist 1. 
φῆσαι 
Aorist 2, 
φῆναι" 


ETYMOLOGY. 83 


Dnpt, to say. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Dual. Plural. 
φατὸν, φατὼν φαμὲν, φατὲ, φασί 
Imperfect. 
ἄτον, ἄτην ἄμεν, are, ασαν, and av 


Future 1. 
ETOV, ETOV OMEV, ETE, OVOL 


Aorist 1. 

ἅἄτον, ἄτην ἄμεν, ATE, αν 
Aorist 2. 

NTOV, την NEV, NTE, Noav 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Dual. Plural. 
φάτον, φάτων φάτε, φάτωσαν 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Dual. Plural. 
NTOV, ἥτην NEV, NTE, NoaY, 
OY μὲν, TE, EV 
Aorist 1. 
αιτον, airny CUPLEV, αἰτε, αἰὲν 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


Present. 
Dual. Plural. 
φῆτον, φῆτον φῶμεν, φῆτε, φῶσι 
Aorist 1. 
ητον, ἤτον WHEV, NTE, ὡσι 
PARTICIPLES. 
Present. 
φὰς, daca, av 
Future 1. 
nowy 
Aorist 1. 


σας 
ye C 


84 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


PASSIVE VOICE. 


INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. 
Perfect πέφἄται πεφάσϑω 
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
πεφάσϑαι πεφασμέν-ος, ἢ; CY 


MIDDLE VOICE, 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Aorist 2. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
ἐφᾶ-μην, 00, TO μέσον, oor, conv μέσα, σϑε, ντὸ 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Aorist 2. 

Singular. Dual. Paral. 
gac-0, 30 Swyv, Jwv Se, Swoav 
INFINITIVE. ? PARTICIPLE. 
Aorist 2. ., Aorist 2. 

φάσϑαι φόμεν-οῦ, ἢ) OV 
Οἶδα, .7 know. 
ACTIVE VOICE. 
Present. 
Singular. Dual. Plural. 
Ind. οἶδα οἶἰσϑα οἷδε (ν) ἴστον ἴστον ἴσμεν ἴστε ἴσᾶσι 


Subj. εἰδῶ εἰδῆς εἰδῇ, ete. 
Opt. εἰδείην εἰδείης εἰδείη, ete. 


Imp. tot ἴστω ἴστον ἴστων ἴστε ἴστωσαν 
Inf. εἰδέναι Part. εἰδώς -via -ὀς 
Imperfect._ 
Sing. day yoec (yoaoSa, Att. gonoSa) ὅδει, Att. ἤδη 
Dual ἤδειτον ηδείτην 
Ἴδειμεν OY) , a JZ τ 
Ῥιαν, {2°84 ὶ ἤδειτε (or yore) ἤδεισαν (or yoavy 


ony ! 


DEPONENT VERBS. 


49. A Deponent Verb is that which under a Middle 
or Passive form has an Active or Middle meaning. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE DEPONENT VERB 
δέχομαι, I receive. 


Indicative. | Subjunctive. | Optative. | Imper. | Infin. | Part. | 
Present |déy-opae [dé x-whftar -οίμην του -εσϑαι -όμενος 
Imperfect |édex-opuny 
Perfect |dédey-mar δεδεγ-μένος ὦ )-μένος εἴην -ξο -χϑαι ᾿|-μένος 
Pluperfect ἐδεδέγτμην | ---------- 
Future Μ. [δέξ-ομαι wanting [-οἰμὴν νγϑ τ] ηρ] -ἐσϑαι -όμενος 
Aor. 1 Μ. ἐδεξ-άμην |δέξ-ωμαι -aipnv |-αι -ασϑαι-ἄμενος 
Fut. 1 P. ᾿δεχϑής-ομαι wanting |-οἰμην wanting|-eoSat -όμενος 
Aor.1 P. [ἐδέχϑτην δέχϑτ-ω -είην -ητι -ῆναι [-εἰς 
Future 8 ᾿δεδέξ-ομαι wanting [-οίμην wanting |-eoSat -όμενος 

ADVERBS. 


50. Adverbs are words joined to Verbs, Adjectives, and 
sometimes to other Adverbs, for the sake of modifying or 
limiting their meaning. | 


PREPOSITIONS. ; 

51ePrepositions are words«used to express the relations 
between Nouns and other words which precede: them: 
Properly speaking, the Greek language has eighteen Prep- 
ositions. ‘They are: 


αμφί, around. κατά, down. 


ava, ON. μετά, after. 
avri, instead of. παρά, along. 
από, from. περί, around, 
διά, through. πρό, before. 
εἰς, tO. πρός, towards. 
ex or εξ, out of. σύν, with, 

εν, U2. ὑπέρ, OVEr. 


επί, Upon, ὑπό, under. 


CA 
Cd 


GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 


PART Lil—SYNTAX. 


52. Syntax teaches the way in which words are ar- 
ranged in Sentences, and in which Sentences are com- 
bined together. Sentences are either Simple or Com- 
pound. A Simple Sentence is one which contains only 
one Subject and one Predicate. A Compound Sentence 
is ἃ combination of two or more Simple Sentences. 

Every Sentence contains a Subject and a Predicate. 

The Subject is that of which something is affirmed. 

The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the Subject ; 
as, 

‘ASavardg ἐστιν ἡ ψυχὴ, The soul is immortal. 


In this Sentence, ἡ ψυχὴ is the Subject and ἀθάνᾶτός éo- 
τιν is the Predicate. 

The Subject of a Sentence is always either a Noun in 
the Nominative Case, or some word or words represent- 
ing a Noun in the Nominative Case. 

The Predicate is either a Verb alone, or a Verb in con- 
nection with other words which are dependent upon it. 

The relations of the words in a Sentence to each other 
are regulated by the following Rules, viz. : 


RULE I. 


53. A Noun modifying the meaning of another Noun, 
and denoting the same thing, is put in the same case; as, 


Σωκράτης 6 φιλόσοφος, Socrates the Philosopher. 


In the cxample given, φιλόσοφος modifies the meaning 
of Σωκράτης, denoting the same person, and is therefore 
put by Apposition in the same case. : 

When the modifying Noun denotes a different person 
or thing, it is put in a different case. 


ΕΒ’... SYNTAX. 87 


RULPE II. 

54, Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, Participles, and 
the Article agree with their Nouns in gender, number, 
and case; as, 

Ανὴρ σοφός, or Σοφὸς ἀνήρ, A wise man. 
Τῷ ἐμῷ πατρί, To my father. 

Παρὼν ὁ Κῦρος, Cyrus being present. 
Ἐγὼ ἄτολμός εἰμι, I am timid. 

(a) If the Adjective refers to two or more Nouns, it is 
put in the plural number, and in gender prefers the Mas- 
culine before the Feminine, and the Feminine before the 
Neuter. 

(Ὁ) A Collective Noun in the singular commonly has 
its Adjective in the plural. 

(ὁ) (1) The Article ὁ, ), τό is originally a Demonstrative 
Pronoun, and in Homer occurs only as such. In later 
Greek it generally corresponds to the English definite 
article “the,” and is used either to specify a single object 
or a class. 

(2) When employed to designate a single object above 
others of the same kind, it is called the Jndividualizing 
Article. When employed to designate a whole class of 
objects, it is called the Generic Article. 

(3) The Article is not used when a substantive express- 
es an idea in general; e.g, θεός, the divinity; ὁ θεός, a 
particular god. . | 

(4) The Predicate generally has no Article; ὁ, ¢., 

Κῦρος ἐγένετο βασιλεὺς τῶν Περσῶν, Cyrus Cecame hing of the Per- 

SIGNS. 
RULE 111. 

55. ‘The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in 
gender, number, and person; the case is determined by 
the construction of the clause to which it belongs; as, 

Οἱ στρατιῶται ὧν ἦρχε, The soldiers whom he commanded. 


In this example, the Relative ὧν agrees with its ante- 


88 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


cedent στρατιῶται in gender, number, and person, but its 
case is determined by ἦρχε, which is construed with the 
Genitive. 

(a) Very often the Relative agrees with its antecedent 
in case also; it is then said to be attracted into the case 
of the antecedent; as, 


Σὺν ταῖς ναυσὶν αἷς εἶχε, With the ships which he had. 

Here die would regularly be in the Accusative Case as 
the object of εἶχε, but is attracted into the Dative by its 
antecedent γαυσὶν. 

(Ὁ) On the other hand, the antecedent is often attracted 
into the case of the Relative; as, 


Οὐκ οἶσϑα μοίρας ἧς τυχεῖν αὐτὴν χρεών ; Knowest thou not the fate 
which she must meet ? 


RULE Iy. 

56. A Verb agrees with its subject nominative in num 
ber and person; as, ἡ | : 
Ἐγὼ λέγω, I say. , 

(a) Two or more nominatives singular take the Verb 
in the plural, the First Person being Diemer red to the See: 
ond, and the Recbiid to the Third. 

(2) Sometimes a Verb, with two or more nominatives 
of different numbers and persons, agrees with one of them, 
and is understood with the rest. 

(c) The nominative of the neuter plural takes a Verb in 
the singular number. 

(d) A Collective Noun in the singular may take a Verb 
in the plural. . 

(6) A dual nominative may take a Verb in the plural. 


RULE V. 
57. Any Verb may have the same case after it as before 
it, when both words refer to the same thing ; as, 


γώ εἰμι διδάσκαλος, I cm a teacher. 


SYNTAX. 89 


SYNTAX OF THE CASES. 
THE GENITIVE. 


58. The Greek Genitive performs some of the functions 
of the Latin Ablative as well as those of the Latin Geni- 
tive. : ν᾽ 

Τὸ properly, therefore, has two general significations, 
viz., (1) Possession, wherein it corresponds to the English 
Possessive Case and Latin Genitive; and (2) Separation, 
wherein it corresponds to the Latin Ablative. 


RULE Vi. 

59, A Noun limiting the meaning of another Noun, and 
denoting a different person or thing, is put in the Geni- 

tive; as, 
TO τέμενος τοῦ Seov, The temple of the god. 

In the example given, θεοῦ limits the meaning of τέμενος, 
and confines its application to this word. It is the “ tem- 
ple,” not of man nor of any other creature, but specifical- 
Jy of God. 

RULE Vil. 

60. A Noun, limiting the meaning of an Adjective for 
the purpose of farther specifying its meaning, is put in 
the Genitive; as, 

TpiBwr ἱππικῆς, Skilled in horsemanship. 


RULE VIII. 

G1. Nouns, Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Ad- 
verbs denoting a part, are followed by a Genitive deno- 
ting the whole; as, ? 

‘Exadorn τῶν πόλεων, Each of the states. 
Οὐδεὶς τῶν μειρακίων, No one of the young men. 
Ποῦ γῆς; Where on earth? 

The words thus limited are usually Partitives and 
words used Partitively, Comparatives, Superlatives, In- 
terrogatives, and some Numerals. 


90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


RULE IX, 
62. Adjectives of plenty or want are followed by the 
Genitive; as, 
Μεστὸς θορύβου, Full of confusion. 
RULE X. 
63. The Comparative Degree, without a conjunction, 
is followed by the Genitive; as, 


Κρείττων τούτου, Superior to this man. 


RULE XI. 
64. Verbs signifying an operation of the senses, except- 
ing that of sight, are followed by the Genitive; as, 
Κλῦθί μου, Hear me. 
Verbs of hearing govern the Accusative of the thirg 
heard, but the Genitive of the person or thing making 
the sound. 


RULE XII. 
65. Verbs denoting an operation of the mind are fol- 
lowed by the Genitive; as, 
Κωφοῦ συνίημι, I understand the dumb man. 


RULE XIII. 
66. All Verbs denoting origin or possession are follow- 
ed by the Genitive; as, 
Ἔστι τοῦ παιδὸς, It belongs to the boy. 


RULE XIV. 

67. All Verbs are followed by the Genitive when their 
action does not refer to the whole object, but to a part 
only; as, 

Mercixoy τῆς ἑορτῆς, They shared in the festival. 


RULE XY. 


63. Verbs signifying to abound and to be destitute, to 


SYNTAX, 91 


fill, to deprive, te separate, to cease, and to depart from, 
are followed by the Genitive; as, 
Διέσχον ἀλλήλων, They separated from each other. 


RULE XVI. 

69. Verbs of Ruling, and the contrary, are followed by 
the Genitive; as, 

Ἄρχειν τῆς στρατιᾶς, To rule the army. 

Verbs fall under this rule which signify to rule, to reign, 
to lead, to preside over, to survive, to surpass, to begin, 
and their contraries. 

RULE XVII. 

70. The price of a thing, the crime and the punishment, 
are expressed by the Genitive; as, 

Ὠνησάμην πέντε δραχμῶν, I bought it for fire drachme. 


RULE XVIII. 
71. Certain Adverbs denoting time, place, and quantity, 
are followed by the Genitive; as, 
Ποὺ γῆς εἰμι; Where on earth cm 12 


RULE XIX. 
72, The Genitive is used to denote the material of which 
any thing is made; as, 


Χαλκοῦ ποιέονται, They are made of brass. 


RULE XX. 
73. Time when and the place where are sometimes ex- 
pressed by the Genitive ; as, 
Οὐχ Ἄργεος ἦεν 5 Was he not at Argos ? 
Τῆς νυκτὸς νέμονται, They feed at night. 
RULE XXI. 
74. A Noun and a SEONG whose case depends upon 
no othcr word In a Sentence, is said to be in the Genitive 
Absolute; as, 


Ταῦτ᾽ ἐπράχϑη, Κόνωνος στρατηγοΐττος, These things were done when 
Conon was general. 


92 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


: THE DATIVE. 

75. The Greek Dative, like the Genitive, discharges 
some of the functions of the Latin Ablative. 

It is the case of the Jndirect Object, being thus distin— 
euished from the Accusative, which is the case of the Dé- 
rect Object. 

It is used to denote the end towards which any thing 
tends, or the thing for which any thing is done. 


RULE XXII. 
76. Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs are follow- 
ed by the Dative denoting the object or end to or for 
which a thing is, or is done; as, 


Βοηϑεῖν τῇ πάτρςι, To aid the country. 
Ποϑεινὸς τοῖς φίλοις, Dear to his friends. 


RULE XXIII. 

77. Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness, friendliness, 
fitness, equality, and nearness, are followed by the Da- 
tive; as, 

7 Ἴκελος Διί, Resembling Jupiter. 

RULE XXIV. 

78. Verbals in τός and τέος are followed by the Dative; 
as, 

Τοῦτο οὐ ῥητόν ἐστί pot, This is not to be spoken by me. 
RULE XXV. 

79. Ἔμμί, Τίγνομαι, and ‘Yrdpyw are followed by the Da- 
tive denoting the possessor, the thing possessed being the 
subject of the Verb; as, 


Τρεῖς δὲ μοι εἰσὶ Siyarpec, I have three daughters. 
RULE XXVI. 


80. Verbs signifying to favor, to please, to trust, and 
their contraries; also to assist, command, obey, serve, re- 


SYNTAX. 93 


sist, threaten, and be angry, are followed by the Dative; 
as, 
᾿Εβοήϑησε τοῖς Ἕλλησι, 116 assisted the Greeks. 
RULE XXYVII. 
81. Impersonal Verbs are followed by the Dative; as, | 
| "Ἔδοξεν αὐτῷ, It seemed best to him. 
RULE XXVIII. 
82. A Noun denoting the cause, manner, means, and in- 
strument, is put in the Dative; as, 
Edvoia τοῦτ᾽ ἐποίησε, He did this from good will. 
Τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἦλϑον, They came in this manner. 
Τῷ ξίφει ἐπάταξε, He struck with his sword. 
RULE XXIX. 
* 83. The Dative is sometimes used to denote the peace 
where and the time when any thing occurs; as, , 
᾿Αφίκοντο τῇ πέμπτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, They arrived the fifth day. | 


RULE XXX. 

84, The Interjections οἵ, ὦ, ἰώ, and ovai are followed By 
the Dative; as, 

; Οἵ μοι, Woe is me! 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 

85. The Greek Accusative is the English Objective. Ke 
is the case of the Direct Object. It designates the per- 
son or thing actually reached and affected by the action 
ofthe Verb. _ 

RULE ΧΧΧΙ. 

δῦ. The Direct Object of an Active Verb is put in the 
Accusative Case; as, 

Τὸν ᾿Αχιλλέα ἐτίμησαν, They honored Achilles. 


RULE XXXII. 
87, An Intransitive Verb may be followed by an Ac- 
cusative of kindred signification to its own; as, 
Μάχεσθαι μάχην, To sight a battle. 


94 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


RULE XXXII. 

88. The particular part or circumstance referred to aft- 
er a general affirmation is put in the Accusative for the 
sake of specifying or more fully explaining the word 
which it follows; as, 

Τὸ σῶμα μέγας ἣν, He was large in person. 

Tov δάκτῦλον ἀλγεῖ, He is distressed in his finger. 

Θουκυδῖδης τοὔνομα, Thucydides by name. 

Σύρος τὴν πατρίδα, A Syrian as to his country. 

Παίει pe τὸ νῶτον, He strikes me on the back. 

Διαφέρουσί τι ἀλλήλων, They differ somewhat from each other. 

This is called the Synecdochical Accusative. It is of 
frequent occurrence in the Latin Poets, and is there de- 
nominated the Greek Accusative; as, Vudus membra, 
with bare limbs. The same principle sometimes applies 
to the Genitive and to the Dative. 


2 


RULE XXXIV. 
89. The Particles μά and νή are followed by the Accu- 
sative; as, ‘i 
Νὴ τὸν Ποσειδῶ φιλῶ σε, By Poseidon, 7 love thee! 


RULE ΧΧΧΥ, 

90. After Verbs expressing or implying motion, the 
name of a town or other place in which the motion ter- 
minates is put in the Accusative; as, 

"EBdo OnBac, Thou camest to Thebes. 
RULE XXXVI. 

91. Nouns denoting duration of time or extent of space 
are put in the Accusative; as, 

Δέκα ἔτη κοιμῶνται, They sleep ten years. 
RULE XXXYII. 

92. Any Transitive Verb, together with the Accusative, 

may take a Genitive, or a Dative, or another Accusative 


for the purpose of further explaining its meaning; as, 
Ὑμῖν ἡγεμόνας δώσω, I will give you guides. 


SYNTAX. 95 


(a) Verbs of accusing and the like take the Accusative 
of the person and the Genitive of the crime. (Rule 
XVIL.) 

(0) Verbs of hearing and the like take the Accusative 
of the thing heard and the Genitive of the person making 
the sound. (Rule XI.) 

(c) Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking 
away, take the Accusative of the Direct with the Dative 
of the Indirect Object. (Rule XXII.) 

(ὦ) Verbs signifying to ask, teach, take away, clothe, 
conceal, and some others, take two Accusatives, the first 
of a person and the last of a thing; as sige: the 
last four rules), 


᾿Εμὲ ἀσεβείας ἐγράψᾶἄτο, He accused me of impiety. 

Ἤκουσε τοῦ ἀγγέλου ταῦτα, He heard these things from the messenger. 
Ὑπισχνέομαί σοι δέκα τάλαντα, I promise you ten talents. 

Θηβαίους χρήματα ἤτησαν, They sought money from the Thebans. 
Διδάσκουσι τοὺς παῖδας σωφροσύνην, They teach their youths probity. 
Ti ποιήσω αὐτὸν; What shall I do to him? 


RULE XXXVIII. 
93. When a Verb in the Active Voice is followed by 
two cases, the Passive Voice takes after it the latter of 


the two; as, 
Karnyoootpat κλοπῆς, L am accused of theft. 


RULE XXXIX. 
94, Some Derivative Adverbs are followed by the same 
case as their primitives; as, 
᾿Αξίως ἑαυτοῦ εἴρηκε, He has spoken worthily of himself. 
RULE XL. 
95. Conjunctions commonly connect similar Moods and 
Cases; as, 
"Aviorn καὶ εἶπεν ὧδε, He rose up and spoke as Follows. ? 
96. Prepositions in Greek are followed by the Genitive, 
Dative, and Accusative Cases. 


90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


‘The Accusative, in connection with the Prepositions 
preceding it, designates the Object upon which, over 
which, towards which an action extends, as well as the 
termination of the action itself. 

The Genitive, with its Prepositions, designates the 
source of an action as regards place, time, and cause. 

The Dative designates a connection of a more exter- 
nal character, generally answering the questions where ὃ 
when ? 

RULE X LI. 

(a) The pa tae Prepositions can have only one case 

after them, viz. 
εἰς αἰ ὡς, the Accusative. _ 
ἀντί, ἀπό, ἐκ (ἐξ), and πρό, the Genitive. 
ἐν and σύν (ξύν), the Dative. 

(Ὁ) The following Prepositions can have two cases after 
them, viz. : 

διά, κατά, and ὑπέρ, the Genitive and Accusative. 
ava, the Dative and Accusative. 

(c) The following Prepositions have all three of the ob- 
lique cases after them, viz. : | 

ἀμφί, ἐπί, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ANd ὑπό, the Genitive, the 
Dative, and the Accusative. 

(4) A Preposition in composition is often followed by 
the same case as when it stands by itself E. g., 

Ὑπερενεγκύντες τὰς ναῦς τὸν ᾿Ισϑμόν, Carrying the ships across the 

Isthmus. 
SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 
THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

97. The Indicative is used to affirm or to deny in both 

dependent and independent Sentences. It is the Mood 


employed to represent realities or piace as, λέγω, 7 say ; 
ov λέγω, L do not say. 


SYNTAX. 97: 


7 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

98. The Subjunctive Mood expresses a conception of 
the mind, and is used, therefore, to denote that which may 
or can take place—always referring to the present. It is 
employed: 

i}. As a challenge in the first person; as, 

Ἴωμεν, Let us go. 
_ (2) With the negative μή in prohibitions; as, 
Μὴ τοῦτο ποιήσης, You ought not to do this. 

(3) In questions implying doubt; as, 

,Τί φῶ, What am Bios say ? ae 

«) In dependent Sentences, to denote that which may 
or can take place, when the preceding Verb is in the 
Present Tense ; as, 

Λέγω ty εἰδῇς, I speak in order that you may know it. 


THE OPTATIVE MOOD. 


99. The Optative Mood alone (2. 6. without the Parti- 
cle ἄν) is employed to express a wish that something may 
take place; as, 


Ὄ mai γένοιο πατρὸς εὐτυχέστερος, O boy, may you. be happier than your 
father! 


(1) With ἄν, the Optative is used to express that which 
might occur; as, 

Topro γένοιτ΄ ἄν, That might be. 

(2) In dependent Sentences, the Optative is. used to de- 
note that which might, could, would, or should take place, 
when the preceding Verb is in a Past Tense. Jt is the 
Subjunctive of the Past Tenses. 

(3) In indirect discourse, the Optative (without av) is 
used to express something not as the ee of the speak- 
er, but of another person; as, 

“Ou ᾿Αθηναῖοι Περικλέα ἐκάκιζον, ὅτι στρατηγὸς ὧν οὐκ ἐπεξάγοι ἐπὶ τοὺς 


πολεμίους, The Athenians reproached Pericles because, being a gen- 
eral, he did not lead them out aguinst the enemy. 


E 


98 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


(4) The Optative is used to denote bce happened oft 
en, when the time spoken of is past ; 3 κ δα 


Ὑπερῷον ἕιχεν ὁπότ' ἐν ἄστει δίατριβοι, He had a an upper chamber whens 
ever he staid in town. 


THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


100. The Imperative Mood is used to give utterance to 
a command or a prohibition ; BPs γῤάφε, write , μὴ. πρᾶττε, 
do tt not. 

When a prohibition is to be eee in os Second 
Person, either the Present Imperative or the Aorist Sub- 
junctive may be .employed—the former to express con- 
tinued and general action, the latter to express momentary, 
and specific action; as, μὴ κλέπτε, steal not, forbids steak, 
ing generally, like 4 coromand ἡ in the Decalogue: μὴ κλέ- 
Unc, do not steal, forbids stealing, eens y, some desig- 
nated object. 7 


THE INFINITIVE MOOD. . 


101. _ The Infinitive is used merely to state the meaning 
of the Verb, without limitation of person or number, -* 
is is regulated my) the following Rules, viz. 


RULE XLII. 


102. The Subject of the Infinitive Mood is is put In the 
Accusative ; as, 


“ 


Δεῖ ἐμὲ κὰν, Tei is necessary that * should speak. 


RULE XLIII. © 
103. The Infinitive, either with or ithe the. Neuter 
Article, may be used as a Verbal Noun, and hence become 
the subject or the object of another Verb; as, 


Φεύγειν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλέστερόν ἐστιν, To Ay is πρὸ 5 them. eb" 
Ἤρξατο ξο πο, He tice to say. . 


fine Φ' “ν» 


SYNTAX. . 99 


PARTICIPLES. 
104. A Participle is a part of the Verb which expresses 
its meaning considered as.a quality. It differs from an 
Adjective in conveying the additional idea of time. 


RULE XLIV... 


105. Participles govern the case of their own Verbs; as, 


Oi root τὸ λογίον εἰδότες, The enemies knowing the oracle, 
Τούτων ἐμοῦ δεομένου, I being in want of these things. 


NEGATIVES. 

106. The Negative Particles in Greek are οὐ and μή, 
with their various compounds οὔτε, οὐδεις, οὐδαμῶς--- μήτε, 
μηδείς, μηδαμῶς. Οὐ is used to deny, μή to decline. Οὐ is 
used in all direct statements, and in all direct questions 
when the answer expected is yes. Μὴ 15. used when the 
answer expected is 20. 

Two Negatives in Greek generally strengthen the ne- 
gation. 

ACCENTS. 

107. (1) The word accent has very different meanings 
in English and in Greek. In the former, accent means. 
emphasis ; in ‘the latter, tone. ‘In English, the accented 
syllable is. pronounced with more force and stress ; in 
Greek, the sound of the same is uttered in a higher or a 
lower key. In English, the accented syllable is long; in 

"Greek, either long or.short. . English accent has reference 
to strength or feebleness ; Greek accent, to the rising or 
falling of the voice. 3 | 

(2) The purpose of the accents was. to fix the pronunci- 
ation of the language, and to-assist foreigners in the ac- 
quisition of the same. - Hence the ancient Greeks, though, 
of course, regarding them in oral intercourse, made no use 
of them in writing, as is shown in the works of Aristotle, 
in ancient inscriptions, and. in antique medals. It is. not 


100 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


precisely known when they were first employed in writ- 
ten Greek. . Some. authorities attribute the introduction 
of the present mode of accentuation to Aristophanes οὗ. 
Byzantium, about two hundred years before Christ. 

(3) Besides their importance in aiding us to pronounce 
Greek with euphony and rhythmical propriety, a knowl- 
edge of the accents is practically useful in enabling us to 
distinguish between words which are spelled alike, but 
have different significations. Of these, four hundred 
might be named; e. g.: 

Nopoc, a pasture, and Νόμος, a law. 

Tic, any one, and Tic, who? which? what? 

"Ὅρος, ὦ mountain ; ’Opdc, whey ; and"Opoc, a boundary. 

(4) The Accents are three in number, viz. : 

The Acute (ὀξεῖα rpocwdia) = (), as, Tic. 

The Grave (βαρεῖα προσῳδία) = ('), as, Τινὲς, 

The Circumflex (περισπωμένη προσῳδία) =(~), as, Σκιᾶς. 

The Acute Accent (') shows that the syllable thus 
marked must be pronounced with a sharp or raised tone, 
ὃ, 6.5 one slightly elevated above that used upon the other . 
ἘΓΆΒΙΝ 

The Grave Accent (7) shows that the syllable thus 
marked must be pronounced with a low tone. It, how- 
ever, simply denotes a negation of accent, and is not writ- 
ten at all unless it stands in place of an acute, which oc- 
curs in every Oxytone not immediately followed by ΔῈ 
pause. 

The Circumflex Ronen (~), from περι:σπώμενος, twisted 
‘soci alluding’ to its form, shows that the syllable thus 
marked must be pronounced with a tone commencing 
upon a higher key, but terminating upon a lower. This 
accent is made up by a combination of the other two, thus 
(60) =6, and denotes a winding and prolonged tone. 

_ (5) Every Greek word must have one, and_ can never 


SYNTAX. 3 y ᾽ ; 23393 ὙΨΌΣ 2 


have more than one principal accent, None but one’ of ’ 
the last three-syllables admit any accent at all. Of these 
three, the Acute may stand on any one of the three, the 
Circumflex only,on one of the dast two, the Grave on the 
last only. | 

(6) A word having the Acute Accent upon the last δὲ 
lable is called. Oxytone ; as, παρά, εἰπέ, βασιλεύς. 

A word having the Abate ‘Accent upon the Penult is 
called Paroxytone ; as, λέγω, φαίνω.. 

A word having the Acute Accent upon the Antepe- 
nult is called Proparoxytone ; as, λέγεται, εἴπετε. 

(7) A word having the Grave Accent over the last syl- 
lable is called Barytone. This being unwritten, the term 
is applied to all words which have no accent on the final 
syllable. 

(8) A word which has the Cireumflex Accent upon the 
last syllable is called Perispomenon ; as, ἀγαθοῦς, σκιᾶς. 

A word having the Circumflex Accent upon the Penult 
is called Properispomenon ; as, φεῦγε, βῆτε. 

(9) In the Diphthongs, the Accent, like the Breathing, 
is placed over the last vowel. When the Circumflex and 
the Breathing meet upon the same word, the Circumflex 
is written over the Breathing. When the Acute and the 
Breathing meet, the Acute is placed to the right of the 
Breathing ; as, οὗτος, this; aye, come. 


GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING THE ACCENTS. 

108. (1) The Acute stands on long and short syllables 
alike, the Circumflex only on such syllables as are long by 
nature; %€, upon such syllables as have either a long 
vowel, ἃ, 1, ὕ, ἡ» ὦ, or a Diphthong. 

(2) If the last syllable is long by nature, the Acute Ac- 
cent can not stand on the Antepanal fer the Circumficx 
on the Penult. 


Re Bi ee GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


(3) A word aniline with a short syllable has: ~~ 
(a) The Acute on the Antepenult; as, λυώμεθᾶ. 
(ὁ) The Acute on a short Penult; as, λελυκότος. 
(c) The Acute on the last syllable; ag, λελυκός. 
(α) The Circumflex on a long Penult; as, λελυκυϊᾶν. 
(4) A word ending with a long syllable has: 
(a) The Acute on the Penult ; as, λελυκότων. 
(ὁ) Hither the Acute or the Circumflex upon the last 
syllable; as, λελυκώς ; λελυκυιῶν. , 

(5) The last syllable is, if accented at all, generally ace 
cented with the Acute, except: | 

(a) Contracted syllables ; (Ὁ) the Genitive Plural of the 
First Declension; (6) the Genitive and Dative of the Ar- 
ticle, and of all Nouns of the First and Second Declensions 
which are ΟΥΥΌΘΝΝ in the Nominative; (d@) the Vocative 
of Nouns in eve; (6) and many Katarhiby long monosylla- 
bles—all of which take the υπουαδος Accent upon the 
last syllable. 

(6) Compound words ἘΠ᾿ the hee on the Penult, 
as far as is consistent with preceding rules. - 

(7) The Accent is variously modified by changes in the 
word itself, as well as by its connection with the other 
words in the sentence; e. g.,every Oxytone becomes Bar- 
ytone when followed by another word, so that the Grave 
takes the place of the Acute. 

(8) In Contracted words: (a) if the σού βοῆς occurs 
in the middle of the word, the syllable formed by con- 
traction takes no accent if none of the contracting sylla- 
bles had it. If either of the syllables contracted had an. 
accent, the contracted syllable in the Penult and Antepe- 
nult is accented by (3) and (4). The contract ultima 
takes the Acute if the ultima had it before contraction ; 
otherwise it takeg the Circumflex. (4) With Elision, Ox. 
ytone Prépositions and Conjunctions entir ely lose the ac- 
cent; all other kinds of words throw it upon the previous 


SYNTAX. ee sca 103 


syllable as Acutes. (c) With Crasis, the accent of the 
first word is lost; as, τὰ ἀγαθά--τἀγαθά; but when Parox- 
ytones change the first syllable by Crasis into one long 
oy nature, this takes the Circumflex ; as, ἑπτὰ ἦσαν = ἔπτ' 
ἦσαν, there were seven. 

-(9) Prepositions consisting of two illbicn excepting 
ἀμφί, ἀντί, ἀνά, διά, When sliced after the Noun or Verb to 
which they belong, throw their accent on to the first syl- 
‘lable; as, περὶ τούτων becomes by Anastrophe τούτων πέρι. 

“(10) Enclitics are words of one or of two syllables 
which are so closely connected with the preceding word - 
that they throw their accent on to it.. The following 
words are Enclitics: (a) the Indefinite Pronoun ric—ri, 
some one, something, through all of its cases; (Ὁ) the Per- 
sonal Pronouns in the forms, 


μοῦ μοί μέ 
σοῦ σοί. σέ 
ef vay ΦᾺ ef 
ou οἵ é 
aA ; ΄ , 
” σφωϊν and σφισι 


(6) The Indicative Present of εἰμέ, J am, and of φημί, 7 
say, excepting Second Person Singular εἶ and one. 

(α) The Indefinite Adverbs ποῦ OY roi, rh, roi, ποθέν, 
ποτέ, πώς, and πώ. ᾿ ᾿ 

(6) The Particles γέ, τέ, τόι, νύ or νύν, κέ or κέν, ῥά or ἄρα, 
θῆν, πέρ and δέ (as a demonstrative appendage, meaning 
towards). 2 

(11) In these words the accent is thrown back accord- 
ing to the following principles, viz. 

(aA preceding Oxytone befores an Enclitic retains the 
oats which serves also for the Enclitic; as, ἀγαθόν τι; 
something good ; αὐτός φησιν, he himself says. 

(δὴ If the last syllable has the Circumflex, the accent 
of the Enclitic is entirely lost; as, ὁρῶ τινας, I see some. 

(c) If the Acute accent is upon the Penult, the Enclitic, 


104 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 


if of one syllable, loses its accent; if of two syllables, re- 
tains that upon the last; as, φίλος pov; λόγοι τινές. 

(¢) Proparoxytones and Paroxytones retain their ac- 
cent, but receive also from the following Enclitic another 
Arute accent on the last syllable. 

(12) When several Enclitics follow one another, each 
throws its accent back upon the preceding ; as, 

Εἴ τίς pot φησί ποτε, If any one ever says to me. 

(18) Enclitics retain their accent: (@) when standing 
first in the sentence; (2) when made emphatic ; (ὁ) ater 
Elision. 

(14) Atonics, sometimes called Prolitics, are words 
without accent, their own having combined with the fol- 
lowing word.. The following are Atonics, viz. : 

(a) 6, ἧ; οἱ, ai, cases of the Article. . 

(ὁ) ἐν, ἐς or ἐις, ἐκ or ἐξ, ὡς, Prepositions. 
(c) é0, ὡς, Conjunctions. 

(d) The Negative οὐ or οὐχ. 

(15) Atonics are accented: (α) when ending the sen- 
tence; (ὁ) when followed by an Enclitic, which throws 
back τὰ accent. 

(16) The place of the Accent in the Nominative Case 
of Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives can only be ascertain- 
ed from practice and use of the Grammar and Lexicon. 
The accent as varied in the Oblique Cases may be deter- 
mined by the preceding rules. ᾿ 

(17) As a general principle, Verbs throw back their ac- 
cent as far as possible, with exception of εἰμέ and φημί. It 
is hence termed recessive, because it is placed as far from 
the ultimate syllable as the quantity of that syllable will 
allow. 


FINIS. 


ΤΙΝ 


Gia 


oo νη ee 


Peet a 
= 
dy! 


ὅν ἡ 


ee GY 
Baar oY 
Ἂς - 


+ 


res “+ an 


SL. 


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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 


CL Re es 


.Φ .- *, 
Se eae Th 
>. in he  ἐν 


oe © 
Ceres 
hate 

El Sow 


ahs 
ἘΞ ΜΦΑΝ 
<— 


Ame 


aes 
raed et 
vee ¥ “ * 
— ᾿ > > ᾽ nay κ᾿ Α : 
elt : ‘af ᾿ ~ - κ᾿ | * mast 
a Ω - 
Peer πε 
> er ων 
a 
5 
errr 
oo 


wn ee” 
et, 


ass 
aes ee : —— ears he an 


ee 


Fee ert) 


~ yeaa 
δ ς 
aS : 2 : * a ; 
et Se one 3 ᾿ : a Wd } S . 8 
ἣν : Set | . See So 
᾿ δ C aot) 
Ὁ ας τ νυ + y : , + + « δι γον i 
sort eet : . vey ncer Sere 


es Sik Sorc ser τσ 


i ee. isee te 
ete ΤΣ 
ae nr ei if ee 
πα τ ΚΣ Τ᾽ τ ee 


“Ἐκ 


Ser) “4 ᾿ a : om + are 
ean - 7 , LS ἜΑ ΩΣ = 


AS ° , -. δε 7 ς γον 
a : Aa Pi ee | = aa 
- fom eras ak - 
ἐν " 2 : a mre war hannrk ΟΣ 

one ey ; ν᾿ - 


os 
- = ae 
- ὅδ rama 
ζ , . res, : ν᾿ ᾿ς τ 
ΝᾺ Ἂ στοῦ ΑΝ δὴ 
Cras > . ed a See Lakes ae 
ae ; Sette ae. ers Oe pea ae ἮΝ 
a , own Ζ as Sone me by ae ean, 
- ΓΝ -.. φὶ 
ἀν τὸ ; Fae on ely a ὅ 
; ee ἢ CARIN δ Le συν ον woe yin το ats : : psa Pepe oe a aeta να oe 
ox "ἧς cet < : . , : ὰ Ἶ fe ae tana 
> ean ᾿ ἮΝ Ψῃ . 
Ἄν, ai ; ’ Prien anak 7, 


ae Ὺ 
ὶΞ J oe 
a Pen Le ΐ 


es 
Meowcee 


oa 


